Low-load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood flow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Ohta, Haruyasu; Kurosawa, Hisashi; Ikeda, Hiroshi; Iwase, Yoshiyuki; Satou, Naohiro; Nakamura, Shinji

doi:10.1080/00016470310013680

Cited by 198 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The muscular benefits arising from BFR training are often promoted for cohorts where high mechanical loads may be contraindicated or not possible, including postoperation rehabilitation patients [2,3] and the elderly [9,10]. While the vast majority of BFR research has been conducted using untrained participants, several investigations have also demonstrated muscular benefits from BFR in athletic populations [5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Adaptive Responses and Potential Mechanisms Underpinning Bfrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This novel strategy involves the application of an inflatable cuff or tourniquet around a limb (proximal to the muscles being trained), which limits blood delivery to and from contracting muscles. Training with BFR can facilitate muscular changes in clinical populations [2,3] and athletes alike [4,5]. While the physiological mechanisms that underpin adaptive responses to BFR training are not yet fully understood, this form of training is becoming popular as a way to enhance muscular responses without the need for high mechanical loads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

268

293

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Key Points• The blood flow restriction (BFR) stimulus should be individualized for each participant. In particular, consideration should be given to the restrictive pressure applied and cuff width used.• BFR elicits the largest increases in muscular development when combined with low-load resistance exercise, though some benefits may be seen using BFR alone during immobilization or combined with low-workload cardiovascular exercise.• For healthy individuals, training adaptations are likely maximized by combining low-load BFR resistance exercise with traditional high-load resistance exercise. 2 AbstractA growing body of evidence supports the use of moderate blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-load resistance exercise to enhance hypertrophic and strength responses in skeletal muscle. Research also suggests that BFR during lowworkload aerobic exercise can result in small but significant morphological and strength gains, and BFR alone may attenuate atrophy during periods of unloading.While BFR appears to be beneficial for both clinical and athletic cohorts, there is currently no common consensus amongst scientists and practitioners regarding the best practice for implementing BFR methods. If BFR is not employed appropriately, there is a risk of injury to the participant. It is also important to understand how variations in the cuff application can affect the physiological responses and subsequent adaptation to BFR training. The optimal way to manipulate acute exercise variables, such as exercise type, load, volume, inter-set rest periods and training frequency, must also be considered prior to designing a BFR training program. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based approach to implementing BFR exercise. These guidelines could be useful for practitioners using BFR training in either clinical or athletic settings, or for researchers in the design of future studies investigating BFR exercise.3

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Section: Adaptive Responses and Potential Mechanisms Underpinning Bfrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

268

293

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The novel aspect of training with BFR is that substantial improvements in muscular hypertrophy and strength are possible even when using low-loads (20-40% of concentric 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) for both clinical [4] and athletic [5,6] populations. However, while the muscles of the trunk may benefit to some degree from BFR exercise [7], the trunk muscles are unable to be trained under the same conditions as the limbs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent hypoxic resistance training: Is metabolic stress the key moderator?

Scott¹,

Slattery

Dascombe³

2015

Medical Hypotheses

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Traditionally, researchers and practitioners have manipulated acute resistance exercise variables to elicit the desired responses to training. However, recent research indicates that altering the muscular environment during resistance training, namely by implementing a hypoxic stimulus, can augment muscle hypertrophy and strength.Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT), whereby participants inspire hypoxic air during resistance training, has been previously demonstrated to increase muscle cross-sectional area and maximum strength by significantly greater amounts than the equivalent training in normoxia. However, some recent evidence has provided conflicting results, reporting that the use of systemic hypoxia during resistance training provided no added benefit. While the definitive mechanisms that may augment muscular responses to IHRT are not yet fully understood, an increased metabolic stress is thought to be important for moderating many downstream processes related to hypertrophy. It is likely that methodological differences between conflicting IHRT studies have resulted in different degrees of metabolic stress during training, particularly when considering the inter-set recovery intervals used. Given that the most fundamental physiological stresses resulting from hypoxia are disturbances to oxidative metabolism, it becomes apparent that resistance training may only benefit from additional hypoxia if the exercise is structured to elicit a strong metabolic response. We hypothesize that for IHRT to be more effective in producing muscular hypertrophy and increasing strength than the equivalent normoxic training, exercise should be performed with relatively brief inter-set recovery periods, with the aim of providing a potent metabolic stimulus to enhance anabolic responses.3

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“…Among the models of RE most commonly used in disuse atrophic states are flywheel (30)(31)(32)(33)(34), vascular occlusion (VO) (35), and conventional RE consisting of concentric/eccentric or isometric muscle actions (20,36,37). It is important to emphasize that the composition of these types of RE differs in terms of intensity and volume.…”

Section: Magnitude and Functionality Of Different Types Of Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The few reports available did not measure markers such as phenotypic transitions and primarily concerned individuals subjected to surgical procedures. Ohta et al (35) investigated the effects of RE with or without moderate VO and consisting of isometric muscle actions in subjects subjected to reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament 16 weeks after operation. It was observed that the knee extension-trained group with VO showed a 10% decrease in concentric strength at 60°/s, an 8.3% decrease in concentric strength at 180°/s and an 8.7% decrease in isometric strength at 60° of extensor muscles.…”

Section: Resistance Exercise With Vascular Occlusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional and morphological effects of resistance exercise on disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy

Nicastro

Zanchi

Luz

et al. 2011

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Low-load resistance muscular training with moderate restriction of blood flow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Cited by 198 publications

References 18 publications

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Intermittent hypoxic resistance training: Is metabolic stress the key moderator?

Functional and morphological effects of resistance exercise on disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy

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