Low-Power Wide-Area Networks at the IETF

Thubert, Pascal; Pelov, Alexander; Krishnan, Suresh

doi:10.1109/mcomstd.2017.1600002st

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Research into the application of software updates in LPWANs is very limited although it has been identified as one of the key research challenges for long term sustainability [10,11,12]. An overview of existing software update methods for constrained devices can be found in [13].…”

Section: Software Update Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the energy consumption for over-the-air software updates in LPWAN networks: SigFox, LoRa and IEEE 802.15.4g

et al. 2018

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The recent trend towards the use of low-power wide-area-networks (LPWAN) communication technologies in the Internet of Things such as SigFox, Lora and Weightless gives rise to promising applications in smart grids, smart city, smart logistics, etc. where tens of thousands of sensors in a large area are connected to a single gateway. However, to manage such a sheer number of deployed devices, solutions to provide over-the-air firmware updates are required. This paper analyses the feasibility of over-the-air (partial) software updates for three LPWAN technologies (LoRa,) and discusses the best suited update method for different scenarios: full system updates, application updates and network stack updates.The results indicate that full firmware upgrades consume a substantial amount of energy, especially for the lowest bit-rate LPWAN technologies such as SigFox which drains a single AA battery with 2% when performing a version update.However, technologies with a similar range (i.e. LoRa SF12) require only 0.12%.The trade-off between range and energy (or bit-rate) becomes clear when considering that the least sensitive technology (IEEE-802.15.4g-OFDM) consumes only 0.0001%. Partial updates require significantly less energy for all technolo- * Corresponding author Preprint submitted to Journal of Internet of Things September 19, 2018 gies. Adding a single application uses 6 to 38 times less energy compared to a firmware update, depending on the update method and LPWAN technology. Even partial network stack updates (i.e. MAC) cost 3 to 8 times less energy, making over-the-air updates feasible. Keywords: LPWAN; Internet-of-Things; partial over-the-air software updates; network management; SigFox; LoRa; IEEE-802.15.4g 1. Introduction In recent years low-power wide-area-networks (LPWAN) such as NB-IoT LoRa, SigFox and IEEE-802.15.4g gained increasing interest from industry and the scientific community in fields related to the Internet-of-Things (IoT). The promise of providing large coverage for low power devices is a key enabler for 5 many use cases in application domains such as smart grids, smart city, smart logistics, etc. because a single LPWAN gateway can serve thousands of sensors within a range of several kilometres. To this end, most LPWANs operate in the sub-1 GHz frequency bands and therefore experience less attenuation and multipath fading.10Although the increased range of LPWAN technologies is appealing for many use cases, LPWAN technologies also have disadvantages. (i) Firstly, they achieve a longer range by using more energy per transmitted bit. The coverage of LP-WAN devices is increased by using a lower modulation rate, effectively putting more energy in each transmitted bit (or symbol), thereby resulting in a higher 15 link budget. (ii) Secondly, low power operation is achieved by using a simple star topology, applying an ultra low radio duty cycle, and using a simple, non-synchronised lightweight medium access control protocol such as slotted aloha. As a result, most LPWAN devices only listen sporadica...

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Section: Software Update Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the energy consumption for over-the-air software updates in LPWAN networks: SigFox, LoRa and IEEE 802.15.4g

et al. 2018

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“…The IETF LPWAN working group was relatively recently formed to study the adoption of Internet technologies to LPWANs [7]. It proposed the SCHC as a header compression scheme for LPWAN, covering so far, the IPv6/UDP headers [8], as well as the CoAP header [9].…”

Section: Static Context Header Compressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to these characteristics, LPWANs should be considered as a separate class of wireless networks in order to find new approaches/solutions to support the IoT protocol stack. Therefore, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) formed the LPWAN working group in 2016 to address the adaptation of IPv6, UDP, and CoAP over LPWANs [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Context for Static Context Header compression in LPWANs

Abdelfadeel

Cionca

Pesch

2018

2018 14th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS)

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Supporting IPv6/UDP/CoAP protocols over Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) can bring open networking, interconnection, and cooperation to this new type of Internet of Things networks. However, accommodating these protocols over these very low bandwidth networks requires efficient header compression schemes to meet the limited frame size of these networks, where only one or two octets are available to transmit all headers. Recently, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) LPWAN working group drafted the Static Context Header Compression (SCHC), a new header compression scheme for LPWANs, which can provide a good compression factor without complex synchronization. In this paper, we present an implementation and evaluation of SCHC. We compare SCHC with IPHC, which also targets constrained networks. Additionally, we propose an enhancement of SCHC, Layered SCHC (LSCHC). LSCHC is a layered context that reduces memory consumption and processing complexity, and adds flexibility when compressing packets. Finally, we perform calculations to show the impact of SCHC/LSCHC on an example LPWAN technology, e.g. LoRaWAN, from the point of view of transmission time and reliability.

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“…Several technologies have been developed, including Long Range (LoRa) networks, SIGFOX, WI‐SUN, and Narrow Band IoT. In order to set up novel monitoring applications, for example, targeting optimization of industrial processes, low‐power radiolocation, and geofencing, it is mandatory to build interoperable networks, ready to be plugged and played through the Internet. In facts, such technologies are featured by some common aspects including: optimized radio modulation, star topology, tens of bytes long frames, a few frames transmitted mostly uplink per day with very low datarates and variable maximum transmission units (MTUs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing scalable, optimal, and secure communications over LoRa networks: Challenges and research directions

Accettura

Alata

Berthou

et al. 2018

Internet Technology Letters

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The Internet of things (IoT) enables large‐scale deployments of very low‐power devices connected through wireless lossy links and able to interact with the surrounding environment (sensing and actuation). Two main challenges are then present: make them communicate; handle their energy consumption while respecting some cost constraints. Low‐power wide area networks (LPWANs) tackle these challenges by offering long‐distance coverage while guaranteeing the use of a very little amount of energy for communications. Among many LPWAN technologies, long range (LoRa) networks provide a very promising but incomplete basis for satisfying the needs expressed by the applications running on low‐power devices. This paper describes the LoRa technology from the architectural point of view and points out those aspects that permit its seamless integration into the IoT. As major contribution, a focus on the current and future research on LoRa networks is provided by inspecting 3 facets: scalability, quality of service, and security.

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Low-Power Wide-Area Networks at the IETF

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Modelling the energy consumption for over-the-air software updates in LPWAN networks: SigFox, LoRa and IEEE 802.15.4g

Modelling the energy consumption for over-the-air software updates in LPWAN networks: SigFox, LoRa and IEEE 802.15.4g

Dynamic Context for Static Context Header compression in LPWANs

Addressing scalable, optimal, and secure communications over LoRa networks: Challenges and research directions

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