<b>Megalo-type α-1,6-glucosaccharides induce production of tumor necrosis factor α in primary macrophages via toll-like receptor 4 </b><b>signaling </b>

Abstract

The term "megalo-saccharide" is used for saccharides with ten or more saccharide units, whereas the term "oligo-saccharide" is used for saccharides containing fewer than ten monosaccharide units. Megalo-type α-1,6-glucosaccharide (M-IM) is a non-digestible saccharide and not utilized by intestinal bacteria, suggesting that ingested M-IM may encounter ileum Peyer's patches that contains immune cells such as macrophages. Macrophages are responsible for antigen incorporation and presentation during the initial step of immune responses. We investigated whether M-IMs modulate macrophage functions such as cytokine production, nitric oxide production, cell viability, and phagocytosis. Primary macrophages collected from the rats were cultured with the existence of M-IM or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). M-IM and LPS induced the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), and nitric oxide in the primary macrophages. The gene expression profile of inflammatory factors including TNFα, IL6, and ILlβ in M-IM-stimulated cells was similar to that of LPS-stimulated cells. The M-IM did not affect phagocytosis in the primary macrophages. The M-IM-induced TNFα production was suppressed in the cells treated with a tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor called TAK-242. In conclusion, the M-IM modulates cytokine expression via TLR4 signaling and may play a role in the modulation of immune responses.

The role of TLR-4 in the immunomodulatory effects of recombinant BCG expressing MSP-1C of Plasmodium falciparum

“…Further analysis showed that the increases in iNOS and NO were both significantly inhibited in the presence of TAK-242. Previous studies by others also showed that the inhibition of TLR-4 led to the inhibition of LPS [20] and megalo-type α-1,6-glucosaccharideinduced NO production [21]. TLR-4 inhibition also decreased immunoexpression of iNOS in the microglia of day old Wistar rats [22] and allografts [23].…”

Structure, function and enzymatic synthesis of glucosaccharides assembled mainly by α1 → 6 linkages – A review

“…Journal Pre-proof Chen et al, 2001;Falconer, Mukerjea, & Robyt, 2011;Joe et al, 2016;A. Kimura, Hara, & Weeranuch, 2017;Lang et al, 2014;Leemhuis et al, 2014;Oguma & Kawamoto, 2003).…”

Effect of alternan versus chitosan on the biological properties of human mesenchymal stem cells

“…7,8 Regarding their role in cell biology, in addition to carbohydrates serving as a source of energy and a component of cell structure, carbohydrates also play a role in host immune response by increasing response against pathogens and foreign cells. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The biological activities of carbohydrates are largely dependent on their structure, including factors like branching, linkage type, and molecular weight. 10 Chitosan is a well-known bioactive long-chain polysaccharide carbohydrate that is most commonly found in crab and shrimp shells.…”

“…[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The biological activities of carbohydrates are largely dependent on their structure, including factors like branching, linkage type, and molecular weight. 10 Chitosan is a well-known bioactive long-chain polysaccharide carbohydrate that is most commonly found in crab and shrimp shells. Chitosan is a bioactive carbohydrate whose effect on MSC differentiation has already been well characterized.…”