<p>Anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects of exercise training in cardiac muscle of diabetic mice</p>

Abstract

Background: Improved glycemic control and cardiovascular function are major benefits of regular exercise training (ET) in type 2 diabetes. Recent work has demonstrated that ET improves cardiac and vascular functions independent of obesity, inflammation, and glucose control in the diabetic db/db mouse. In this study, we determined whether ET can overcome the effects of elevated inflammatory cytokines and hyperglycemia on markers of cardiac angiogenesis and inflammation in the diabetic mouse. Methods: Male diabetic db/db mice were assigned to a sedentary and exercise-trained group. Sedentary lean control littermates were used as controls. ET was performed at moderate intensity on a treadmill 5 days a week for a period of 8 weeks. After ET, blood was collected for assay of glucose, hemoglobin (HB and HB 1AC ), C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6. Markers of inflammation and insulin resistance (IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and angiogenesis (endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS], vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A], and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α [HIF-1α]) were measured in hearts. Results: Diabetic db/db mice remained obese and hyperglycemic after ET. Percent total HB and HB 1AC were significantly higher in ET db/db mice compared to sedentary db/db mice, indicating further deterioration of glucose control with ET. Plasma levels of CRP and IL-6 were higher in sedentary db/db mice compared to control mice and were unaffected by ET. However, in the presence of hyperglycemia and elevated plasma cytokines, protein expression of eNOS, mRNA expression of VEGF-A, and HIF-1α was increased in db/db hearts after ET. On the other hand, protein expression of TNF-α and mRNA expression IL-6 and IL-1β was significantly decreased by ET in hearts of db/db mice. Conclusion: Our results indicate that ET improves cardiac markers of angiogenesis, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction in the db/db mouse. This was observed independently of obesity, hyperglycemia, and the systemic inflammatory state.

Increasing the Duration of Light Physical Activity Ameliorates Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults

“…However, a strong positive association was found between total duration of PA at all intensities and M2 anti-inflammatory surface markers expression. Mechanistic studies in humans suggested that PA induced an elevation in the anti-inflammatory/pleiotropic cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-10, and resulted in the inhibition of TNF-α, which in turn blocked IL-1β signaling by stimulating IL-1ra [45][46][47]. In agreement with these reports, the current study also supports that PA could potentially be used as a natural strategy to improve anti-inflammatory immune responses.…”

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 contributes to exercise-induced cardiac angiogenesis in mice

“…Our finding that exercise increased myocardial eNOS expression is well established in many studies (28,29). DDAH1, which directly interacts with eNOS in cardiac tissues (13), degrades ADMA to preserve eNOS activity and NO.…”

The effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in conjunction with concurrent training on body composition, glycaemic status, and inflammatory markers in obese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double‐blind clinical trial

“…Physical activity is considered a beneficial strategy with anti‐inflammatory properties, which reduces the risk of inflammatory‐related diseases 1 . The concomitant integration of RT and AT within a periodized training program is termed ‘concurrent training’ or circuit training 65,66 .…”