<p>Antibiotic Resistance And Genotyping Of Gram-Positive Bacteria Causing Hospital-Acquired Infection In Patients Referring To Children’s Medical Center</p>

Abstract

IntroductionA serious problem affecting human society is the development of bacterial resistance. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and genotyping of common GPB causing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in patients who were referred to Children’s Medical Center during a 6-month period by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR).MethodsDuring the 6-month period, antimicrobial resistance profiles of GPB isolates recovered from patients in Children’s Medical Center were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion and MIC. Typing of common GPB was performed and the results were analyzed by gel compare software.ResultsIn this cross-sectional study, 6524 cultures were performed and 138 Ggram-positive bacteria were isolated (2%). Staphylococcus aureus strains showed the highest antibiotic penicillin resistance (96.3%). Twenty-six per cent of the strains were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and no resistance was found against vancomycin. All isolates of Enterococcus faecium were resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%). The resistance to vancomycin was very high (67%) and no resistance was observed to linezolid. The results of genotyping analysis of S. epidermidis strains showed the presence of two clones with a genetic relationship of over 80%. All of the S. aureus strains were in one cluster and half of the E. faecium strains were in a cluster with a genetic predilection of over 80%.ConclusionThis study indicated frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance, especially in Enterococcus spp. isolates. Rapid spreads of MRSA and VREF from a clonal origin require implementing careful isolation and infection control measures.

Three-year evaluation of the nosocomial infections in pediatrics: bacterial and fungal profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern

“…Regarding the frequency of resistance to vancomycin, no cases were reported among S. aureus , while 64% of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin that is similar to our recent previous study [ 27 ] and is higher than our previous studies in our hospital during 2009–2010 [ 34 ]. Since NIs are an important determinant in hospital, improving of the prevention and treatment of NIs is still highly needed [ 7 ].…”

“…The frequency of MRSA (43%) was more than the amount reported by our previous study (26%) [ 27 ], Nigussie et al and Latif et al (38.5% and 31.25%, respectively) [ 28 , 29 ].…”

<p>Antimicrobial Resistance and Genotyping of Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection in Children in an Iranian Referral Hospital</p>

“…Twenty-three percent of E. faecium strains (n=3) showed resistance to vancomycin, which was lower than our previous reports. 15,16 Out of 203 strains isolated, 62 strains had nosocomial infection criteria which were: 18 E. coli, 13 K. pneumoniae, 11 E. faecium, and five B. cepacia complex. Molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of these 62 isolates causing hospital-acquired infection revealed that E. coli strains were divided into three clusters with 70% genetic similarity ( Figure 1A).…”

“…All recovered strains which had caused nosocomial infections were typed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR) in a mixture consisting of 2.5 µL of the PCR buffer (10-times concentrated), 0.75 µL of MgCl 2 (final concentration 250 µM), 0.6 µL of dNTPs (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania, final concentration 3 mM), 1 µL of primer (5ʹ-AGCGGGCCAA-3ʹ), final concentration of 0.4 mM, 0.3 µL (1.5 U) of the DFS Taq DNA polymerase (BIORON, Germany), 1 µL of the boiled DNA (final concentration 2 ng/µL), and DNase-, RNasefree deionised water (Biomedicals) to a final volume of 25 µL. 15 Amplification was carried out in a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, USA) as follows: the primary denaturation for 5 minutes at 95°C; followed by 30 cycles of 60 seconds for 94°C, 60 seconds at annealing temperature, and 5 minutes at 72°C; and the final extension phase for 15 minutes at 72°C. The analysis of the amplified products was performed in 1% agarose (Sigma), and DNA bands were visualized by staining with gel red (Biotium), analyzed under UV light, and photographed using the GEL Doc 2000 documentation system (Bio-Rad).…”

“…Mamishi et al The RAPD-PCR is a simple, rapid, easy, inexpensive, and reproducible method that has been widely used in bacterial epidemiology and finding of bacterial genetic similarity that is crucial for cross-infection assessment. 15,25,28,31 Cross-sectional transmission, especially from the urology unit to other wards, may lead to strains transmission causing nosocomial infection through the hospital. Therefore, much attention should be paid to the basic methods of preventing infection (standard precautions).…”