<p>Determinants of Anemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic at Public Health Facilities in Kacha Birra District, Southern Ethiopia</p>

Abstract

Background: Anemia is accountable for 20% of maternal death globally, and it is associated with premature birth, low birth weight, and infant death. According to the WHO report of 2008, 57.1% of pregnant women were anemic in Africa. In Ethiopia, anemia among pregnant women is 62.7%. There were no data in the study area that identified the determinants of anemia. Objective: To identify the determinants of anemia among pregnant mothers attending ANC clinic in public health facilities in Kacha Birra District, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in public health facilities in Kacha Birra District, Southern Ethiopia, from February 1/2019-May 30/2019. An aggregate of 117 cases and 227 controls were involved in the study. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Controls were pregnant ladies whose blood hemoglobin level was 11 g/dl and above at their first antenatal care clinic, and cases were pregnant ladies whose hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dl. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to isolate independent predictors of anemia. Results: An overall of 344 respondents (117 cases and 227controls) were included in this study with a response rate of 100%. On multivariable logistic regression models, significant predictors of anemia were: rural residence [AOR= 2.9,95% CI:1.18-5.84], previous history of heavy menstrual blood flow [AOR=2.75, 95% CI: 2.66-28.53], age of mother [AOR=4.013, 95% CI: 1.08-14.90], parasitic infection [AOR=6.39, 95% CI: 1.226-33.362], food taboo (aversion) [AOR= 3.92, CI: 95% 2.08-7.35], drinking tea/coffee instantly after meal [AOR=18.49, 95% CI:6.89-40.64]. Conclusion: Residence, previous heavy menstrual flow, age, parasitic infection, food taboo, and tea/coffee consumption immediately after meals were significant predictors of anemia among pregnant women. So, anemia prevention and control policy should include the promotion of counseling on the consumption of diversified and iron-enriched foods during pregnancy, prevention of parasitic infection as well as mass deworming, awareness creation on cultural norms that makes food aversion during pregnancy.

Hemoglobin Level and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Rural Southwest Ethiopia

“…Accordingly, coffee consumption during the current pregnancy decreased the hemoglobin level of pregnant women by 1.00 g/dl. This present result supported the report of previous studies from Central Ethiopia [ 45 ], Kacha Bira district of Southern Ethiopia [ 53 ], Durame town Ethiopia [ 54 ], Debremarkos Hospital [ 21 ], and Kartum Sudan [ 55 ]. This might be because of the reason that coffee contains phenolic acid such as a chlorogenic acid that inhibits the absorption of nonhaem iron, which is necessary for red blood cell production [ 56 , 57 ].…”

Profile of Double of Undernutrition Problem, Coexistence with Anemia among Pregnant Women Indonesia 2018: A Cross Sectional Survey

“…A previous research in western Ethiopia indicates the main cause of anemia, including low socioeconomic status, a low daily dietary diversity, irregular iron tablet supplementation, and a MUAC <23 cm that predicted malnutrition, bleeding, and helminth infection [24]. Anemia during pregnancy also related to parasitic infection, mother's age, rural residence, food taboos, a history of heavy bleeding before pregnancy, and drinking tea or coffee immediately after a meal [25], [26], [27]. In addition, there are a link between anemia and macronutrient deficiency [28].…”

Hubungan antara kebiasaan minum teh dengan anemia pada wanita hamil

“…Berdasarkan data dari World Health Organization (WHO) menunjukkan 35-75% wanita hamil dinegara berkembang dan 18% wanita hamil di negara maju mengalami anemia, dan anemia merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada Ibu. (6) Di Indonesia berdasarkan hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2018, prevalensi anemia pada ibu hamil menunjukkan angka 48.9%, hasil ini menunjukkan peningkatan dimana pada tahun 2013 sebesar 37.1% (7) Pada wanita hamil direkomendasikan untuk memiliki kadar Hb 12-16g/DL dan dibawah 10.5 g/DL dikatakan sebagai anemia. (8) Diperkirakan 75% dari seluruh anemia selama kehamilan adalah anemia defisiensi besi.…”

“…(9) Anemia ini sering terjadi pada wanita yang asupan diet yang tidak adekuat dan tidak mendapat suplemen besi. (6) Kebutuhan zat besi selama kehamilan meningkatkan secara signifikan untuk memenuhi peningkatan kebutuhan unit fetoplasenta, untuk meningkatkan massa eritrosit maternal dan untuk mengkompensasi zat besi yang hilang dalam proses persalinan. (10) Pada kehamilan penyebab utama anemia defisiensi besi adalah kurangnya nutrisi.…”