<p>Surfactin-Loaded ĸ-Carrageenan Oligosaccharides Entangled Cellulose Nanofibers as a Versatile Vehicle Against Periodontal Pathogens</p>

Abstract

Purpose: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with microbial accumulation. The purpose of this study was to reuse the agricultural waste to produce cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and further modification of the CNF with κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (CO) for drug delivery. In addition, this study is focused on the antimicrobial activity of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF towards periodontal pathogens. Materials and Methods: A chemo-mechanical method was used to extract the CNF and the modification was done by using CO. The studies were further proceeded by adding different quantities of surfactin [50 mg (50 SNPs), 100 mg (100 SNPs), 200 mg (200 SNPs)] into the carrier (CO-CNF). The obtained materials were characterized, and the antimicrobial activity of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF was evaluated. Results: The obtained average size of CNF and CO-CNF after ultrasonication was 263 nm and 330 nm, respectively. Microscopic studies suggested that the CNF has a short diameter with long length and CO became cross-linked to form as beads within the CNF network. The addition of CO improved the degradation temperature, crystallinity, and swelling property of CNF. The material has a controlled drug release, and the entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of the drug were 53.15 ± 2.36% and 36.72 ± 1.24%, respectively. It has antioxidant activity and inhibited the growth of periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by preventing the biofilm formation, reducing the metabolic activity, and promoting the oxidative stress. Conclusion:The study showed the successful extraction of CNF and modification with CO improved the physical parameters of the CNF. In addition, surfactin-loaded CO-CNF has potential antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. The obtained biomaterial is economically valuable and has great potential for biomedical applications.

Therapeutic effects of antibiotics loaded cellulose nanofiber and κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide composite hydrogels for periodontitis treatment

“…These clusters might be originated from the cross-linking of CO-CNF nanoparticles in presence of N , N ′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA). It was understood that CNF on CO-CNF has appeared as a long fiber in which CO was attached as small blocks 15 . Besides, large pore formation was also observed, especially in 400SH.…”

“…A small peak at 2856 cm −1 represents the presence of an aliphatic chain and a deep peak at 1540 cm −1 indicates the deformation mode of the N–H bond combines with C–N stretching mode 37 . A detailed FTIR spectrum of CO-CNF was elucidated in our previously reported work 15 . CCH hydrogels were formed in the presence of an MBAA as a cross-linker.…”

“…Besides, this material should have cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. The hydrogels were prepared from a composite nanoparticle (CO-CNF) composed of CNF and CO 15 . CNF is widely used for hydrogel preparation due to its flexibility and entanglement formation 14 .…”

“…CO–CNF nanoparticles were selected for preparing drugs-loaded hydrogels. Detailed information on the preparation of CO–CNF was described in our previously published work 15 . 50 ml of CO–CNF solution was prepared by dissolving 5 g of CO–CNF in 50 ml distilled water.…”

“…The present study investigated the preparation of hydrogels from κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide (CO) linked CNF nanoparticles and subsequent drug loading. Our previous study reported that the addition of CO into CNF improved the degradation temperature, crystallinity, and swelling property of CNF 15 .…”