<p>Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Using Atmospheric Plasma for Prospective Biological Applications</p>

Abstract

Introduction This paper presents a novel technique for the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) with various surface features using high-density atmospheric plasma deposition. Furthermore, to investigate the use of hydrophobic, super-hydrophobic, and hydrophilic graphene in biological applications, we synthesized hydrophobic, super-hydrophobic, and hydrophilic graphene oxides by additional heat treatment and argon plasma treatment, respectively. In contrast to conventional fabrication procedures, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) formed under low pressure and high-temperature environment using a new synthesis method—developed and described in this study—offers a convenient deposition method on any kind surface with controlled wettability. Methods High density at atmospheric plasma is used for the synthesis of rGO and GO and its biocompatibility based on various wetting properties was evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and the viability of cells in response to rGO and GO with various surface features was investigated. Structural integrity was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, FESEM and FE-TEM. Wettability was measured via contact angle method and confirmed with XPS analysis. Results We found that GO coating with a hydrophilic feature is more biocompatible than other surfaces as observed in case of fibroblast cells. We have shown that wettability—controlled by GO deposition—influences biocompatibilities and antibacterial effect of biomaterial surfaces. Discussion Measuring the contact angle, it is found that contact angle for hydrophobic is increased to 150.590 and reduced to 11.580 by heat and argon plasma treatment, respectively, from 75.880 that was initially in the case of hydrophobic surface. XPS analysis confirmed various oxygen-containing functional groups transforming as deposited hydrophobic surface into superhydrophobic and hydrophilic surface. Thus, we have proposed a new, direct, cost-effective, and highly productive method for the synthesis of rGO and GO—with various surface properties—for biological applications. Similarly, for the dental implant application, the Streptococcus mutans was used as an antibacterial effect and found that S. mutans grows slowly on hydrophilic surface. Thus, antibacterial effect was prominent on GO with hydrophilic surface.

Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity Study of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Sustainable Super-Hydrophobic Coating for Biomedical Applications

“…Figure 3 g,h lend validity to the idea as the FESEM images conclusively show that 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL of PDMS: SS actively discourage cellular adhesion on its surface in addition to causing cell apoptosis, as evidenced by the spherical cells. The high cell apoptosis can be attributed to the inability of the cells to attach their extracellular matrix molecules on the surface due to the hydrophobicity of the coating [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. On the other hand, the ZDEC coating with concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL exhibits cell viability within the low range of 1.37% and 1.72%.…”

“…This result is due to the stark difference in surface roughness of the coated and the non-coated surface. It has been well established by previous researchers that smooth and featureless surfaces are more conducive to cell attachment, but this factor also encourages bacterial adhesion on its surface [ 29 ]. A mild drop in colony percentage viability to 69.2% ± 9.5% can be observed in PDMS: SS concentration of 25 mg/mL.…”

Biological Effects of the Novel Mulberry Surface Characterized by Micro/Nanopores and Plasma-Based Graphene Oxide Deposition on Titanium

“…However, its production also has several disadvantages, such as low accessibility, high cost, and the generation of harmful gases leading to pollution. 13–15 These issues can be addressed by using an atmospheric plasma-based method, which is simple to execute and can mass-produce graphene oxide continuously. 24 Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel approach for depositing graphene oxide using atmospheric plasma and found that it significantly promotes cell differentiation.…”

“…12 Graphene oxide is typically synthesized using chemical vapor deposition and Hummer's method. [13][14][15] However, it requires additional treatment for application onto the surface of materials. Therefore, in this study, we developed an innovative method to deposit graphene oxide on the surface of titanium using atmospheric plasma.…”

Biopolímeros: Aplicaciones de andamios en medicina regenerativa

“…Se han descubierto una gran cantidad de materiales capaces de brindar una superficie usada como matriz extracelular los cuales se pueden diferenciar por su naturaleza biológica o sintética, por su composición, forma, tamaño, resistencia y elasticidad; pero deben ser diseñados para suplir 3 funciones esenciales la adhesión, diferenciación y proliferación celular mediante la conducción e inducción de sustancias bioactivas (Tabla 2 y 3) (Zare, et al, 2021). El estudio de biomateriales es la base para el desarrollo de la medicina regenerativa buscando la forma más adecuada de cada componente ya que puede afectar directamente la respuesta biológica (Alam, Jo, Park & Cho, 2020). (Gao, et al, 2021;Lin, et al, 2021;Moin, et al, 2020).…”