Knowledge gained from the revolutions in genomics and proteomics has helped to identify many of the key molecules involved in cellular signalling. Researchers, both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry, now screen, at a sub-cellular level, where and when these proteins interact. Fluorescence imaging and molecular labelling combine to provide a powerful tool for real-time functional biochemistry with molecular resolution. However, they traditionally have been work-intensive, required trained personnel, and suffered from low through-put due to sample preparation, loading and handling. The need for speeding up microscopy is apparent from the tremendous complexity of cellular signalling pathways, the inherent biological variability, as well as the possibility that the same molecule plays different roles in different sub-cellular compartments. Research institutes and companies have teamed up to develop imaging cytometers of ever-increasing complexity. However, to truly go high-speed, sub-cellular imaging must free itself from the rigid framework of current microscopes. Keywords: fluorescence microscopy; quantitative imaging; subcellular localization; pattern recognition; tissue microarrays; cellular diagnostics; protein activity Abbreviations: DFC, dielectric field cage; DMD, digital micromirror device; DSI, dynamic speckle illumination; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; HTM, high-throughput microscopy; OFM, optofluidic microscopy; P-LSM, parallel laser scanning microscopy; TIRF, total internal reflection fluorescenceEarly microscopy is above all a history of instrument development. Skilled lens grinding, improved mechanical stability and careful matching of lenses together led to the building of 17th-century telescopes and microscopes. Botanists, physicians and anatomists began to draw, discuss and publish their observations in luxurious book editions that increasingly attracted a growing scientifically interested public. The manufacture of less expensive microscopes during Victorian times allowed far more people to see the world of microscopic organisms in a drop of pond water or to observe the formerly unimagined intricate details of the structure of animals, plants and crystals. Exhibitions or 'conversazione' were organized where many microscopes stood side by side to demonstrate the wonders of the microscopic world. Despite impressive progress throughout the 19th and early 20th century, it is surprising how little microscopy has changed. A look into many of today's imaging facilities stunningly resembles the 19th-century engraving in Figure 1. All the elements are already there: microscopists preparing samples, gazing through the eyepieces of bulky microscopes, capturing images of a fairly small number of cells and excitedly sharing images. Certainly, these early microscopes have little to rival the resolving power, sensitivity and variety of different contrast modes offered by modern research instruments. Digital imaging has revolutionized image acquisition, processing and data handling, a...