Lubricating Grease: A Chemical Primer

Donahue, Craig J.

doi:10.1021/ed083p862

Cited by 44 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Consequently, LMWGs have attracted interest for high-tech applications in areas as diverse as catalysis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, light harvesting, nanoelectronics, environmental remediation, and sensing. This led to the development of LMWG applications relevant to the military such as engine lubricants and greases (based on lithium 12-hydroxystearate in oils), 10 and napalm (originally based on napthenic/palmitic acids in petrol). 5 Over the past century, a wide range of molecular motifs including peptides, ureas, sugars, steroids and bile acids, lipids, nucleobases, and even simple alkanes have proven their potential as gelators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives – efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future

et al. 2015

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Dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) has been a well-known low-molecular-weight gelator of organic solvents for over 100 years. As such, it constitutes a very early example of a supramolecular gel--a research field which has recently developed into one of intense interest. The ability of DBS to self-assemble into sample-spanning networks in numerous solvents is predicated upon its 'butterfly-like' structure, whereby the benzylidene groups constitute the 'wings' and the sorbitol backbone the 'body'--the two parts representing the molecular recognition motifs underpinning its gelation mechanism, with the nature of solvent playing a key role in controlling the precise assembly mode. This gelator has found widespread applications in areas as diverse as personal care products and polymer nucleation/clarification, and has considerable potential in applications such as dental composites, energy technology and liquid crystalline materials. Some derivatives of DBS have also been reported which offer the potential to expand the scope and range of applications of this family of gelators and endow the nansocale network with additional functionality. This review aims to explain current trends in DBS research, and provide insight into how by combining a long history of application, with modern methods of derivatisation and analysis, the future for this family of gelators is bright, with an increasing number of high-tech applications, from environmental remediation to tissue engineering, being within reach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives – efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future

et al. 2015

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“…[5] The 1D objectsm ay bundle into objectsw ith larger cross-sections [1d] and interactf urther to form the 3D self-assembled fibrillarn etworks (SAFiNs) that immobilize the liquid by surface tension, capillary forces and related interfacial interactions. [1f, g, 6] As the number of potential and realized applications for molecular gels (such as in the areas of sensors, [7] cosmetic carri-ers, [8] templates for materials synthesis, [9] food additives, [10] and lubricants [3,11] )h as increased, attaining the goal to design molecular gelators ap riori and to predict their gelating abilities in specific liquids has become increasingly important.Alogical method to advance our path to that goal is to perform systematic and targeted studies on structurala nalogues of gelators and to use those data to create correlations between molecular structuresa nd the properties of their aggregates. [12] These studies are also expected to aid in severalaspects of crystal engineering, for which the objective is to create 2D and 3D crystalline objects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Gelating Abilities of Ricinelaidic Acid and its Ammonium Salts: How do Stereochemistry, Charge, and Chain Lengths Control Gelation of a Long‐Chain Alkenoic Acid?

Zhang

Weiss

2016

ChemPhysChem

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The gelating abilities of ricinelaidic acid (d-REA), the trans-isomer of ricinoleic acid (d-RA), and a series of its alkylammonium and alkane-α,ω-diammonium salts have been examined in a wide range of organic liquids. The gelation efficiency of the trans acid is much better than that of the cis, although neither is as efficient as is the completely saturated molecular gelator analogue, (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid (d-12HSA). The formation of ammonium salts also improves the gelation ability of d-REA in high polarity liquids. The gelating properties are highly dependent upon the chain length of the alkyl group of the alkylammonium salts, but not very dependent on the chain length of the alkane-α,ω-diammonium salts. Structural insights from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction indicate that the absence or presence of unsaturation, the incorporation of (charged) ammonium centers, and the different chain lengths of the alkylammonium salts lead to different packing arrangements and different strengths of H-bonding interactions within the gel assemblies of the d-REA derivatives. Insights into the relationships among the various systematic structural changes to d-REA and the properties of their aggregated structures, including the gel states, are provided.

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“…In other words, it can be considered similar to a sponge soaked with liquid that will flow as a result of applying shear stress exceeding the yield point. The base oil is bonded by the following factors: (1) capillary forces, (2) mechanical occlusion, or (3) molecular attraction between polar region on soap fibers and base oil molecules [41]. The contact surfaces were not flat in contact operation even when force is applied, and the two surfaces do not touch at all points [42].…”

Section: Electrical Contact Greasementioning

confidence: 99%

Grease and its Application on Electrical Equipment: a Review

Japar¹,

Aziz²,

Razali³

et al. 2018

IJET

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Grease hardening and dry-out have been part of the major challenges in grease usage in electrical industry. The findings obtained over the years related to the study of synthetic, specialty, and new grease have found that the usage of these greases are costly; hence, it is very necessary to find an alternative method to reduce the cost as much as possible. Increasing petroleum demands, depletion of petroleum reserves, and the environmental awareness have influenced a huge interest in the use of waste oil as the alternative of base oil for grease formulation. The waste oils are considered as a promising candidate due the fact that the re-refining process of base oil is relatively cheap with high yield and the recovery of good quality oil. Optimum grease formulation is necessary in solving the aforementioned issues as well as overcoming complication specifically in the electrical industry where these greases are mainly utilized.

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Lubricating Grease: A Chemical Primer

Cited by 44 publications

References 10 publications

1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives – efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future

1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) and its derivatives – efficient, versatile and industrially-relevant low-molecular-weight gelators with over 100 years of history and a bright future

Insights into the Gelating Abilities of Ricinelaidic Acid and its Ammonium Salts: How do Stereochemistry, Charge, and Chain Lengths Control Gelation of a Long‐Chain Alkenoic Acid?

Grease and its Application on Electrical Equipment: a Review

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