Madagascar, politique forestière : Bilan 1990 – 2013 et propositions

Bertrand, Alain; Aubert, Sigrid; Montagne, Pierre; Lohanivo, Alexio Clovis; Razafintsalama, Manitra Harison

doi:10.4314/mcd.v9i1.4

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Two laws were enacted in Madagascar aimed at decentralising government control over natural resources, both of which enabled a contractual transfer of management rights of natural resources to the local population: the GELOSE-law (Gestion Locale Sécurisée) of 1996 applies to forest, pasture, wildlife and water; the GCF-law (Gestion Contractuelle des Forêts) of 2001 specifies the management of forest resources and facilitates the administrative procedure (Antona et al 2004). With strong support from non-governmental organisations (NGOs), about 1200 voluntary user associations-named COBAs (Communauté de base)-were founded in the 22 regions of Madagascar (Bertrand et al 2014) to develop their own rules and sanctions for natural resource use and to control compliance in the transferred areas (Kull 2002). The extendable three-year COBA contracts determine the time period and amount of resource use to be regulated; for resource users, a fee-based authorisation is required from the association's executive board.…”

Section: Résumémentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The forest area outside the protected areas is also under the jurisdiction of the State (Supplementary Material). Countrywide, MNP rangers and forest state agents (chef de cantonnement forestier) govern extensive areas, receive low salary and do not have enough equipment to fulfil their tasks in an effective manner (Bertrand et al 2014, Cullmann 2015. Consequently, access to forest products is 'quasi free' for the local population; yet this is far from a 'free rider' concept as access to land and natural resources is organised by customary rules (Goedefroit 2006).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Which form of agreement works for communitybased management? A case study from southwestern Madagascar

Thielsen

2016

MCD

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Aware that humans and nature are inseparably linked many organisations in Madagascar support the community-based natural resource management approach to promote the international policy of biodiversity conservation and protection. In this context, community associations have been introduced to transfer management and use rights for natural resources to the local population. However, the fast, donor-driven top-down procedure of establishing new rules contradicts the local rhythm and handling of rules. Against this background, this paper focuses on the ethnic group Tanalana and explores key actors and locally initiated rules and agreements, analyses their level of effectiveness and discusses their possible application for community-based natural resource management in the buffer zone of Tsimanampesotse National Park in southwestern Madagascar. The paper looks at an example of rule negotiation outside the community-based management context concerning the use of a key resource in raising livestock. The example demonstrates that, on the one hand, the overlapping memberships in different social and kinship groups, and on the other hand, different individual economic interests can hinder successful collective action for natural resource management. Moreover, this example shows that already existing or newly introduced rules can be further called into question and are variously interpreted depending on the context. The degree of sanctions depends on several factors: (i) frequency of transgression, (ii) amount of affected persons, (iii) social relationships between the concerned parties and (iiii) social and communicative behaviour of the transgressor (in the past and present). This study finds that rules serve as rough guidelines, as a basis for discussion in cases of transgression, but do not function as fixed prescriptions. The data for this study was collected through semi-structured interviews and participative observation in six fokontany (village and related hamlets) to the east and west of Tsimanampesotse National Park.

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Section: Résumémentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Which form of agreement works for communitybased management? A case study from southwestern Madagascar

Thielsen

2016

MCD

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“…54 de la loi GELOSE a prévu des avantages économiques en guise de compensation d'une bonne gestion de la part des communautés. L'article 54, resté non appliqué (Bertrand et al 2014, Pollini et al 2014, devrait pourtant permettre à la communauté de percevoir des bénéfices palpables à travers la parafiscalité qui y est soulevée. Sans la présence de tels avantages répon-dant aux besoins locaux, les forêts risquent de disparaître plutôt que d'être gérées durablement (Scales 2014).…”

Section: Incohérences Des Textes Pour La Restauration Deunclassified

Revue des textes fonciers et forestiers pour la mise en œuvre de la restauration des paysages forestiers à Madagascar

Rajaonarivelo¹,

Rakotonarivo²,

Aharijaona³

et al. 2022

MCD

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La restauration des paysages forestiers (RPF) vise à restaurer la fonctionnalité du paysage au profit des populations locales, du climat et de la biodiversité. Elle requiert une gouvernance foncière efficace. Cette étude analyse les inconsistances et limites des stratégies nationales et textes juridiques par rapport à l’efficacité de la RPF et avance des recommandations politiques. Notre analyse montre que la loi malgache encourage le reboisement sur terre dégradée dont le domaine de l’État qui n’est pas délimité et souffre d'empiétement. Le succès du reboisement implique la délimitation de ces domaines, l’allègement des procédures pour les acquérir par les communautés locales ainsi que l'inclusion de ces dernières. Une révision des zones forestières sous régime forestier de l’État et des Collectivités Territoriales Décentralisées est aussi requise. Quant aux forêts naturelles, l’incertitude concernant leur statut et les droits des communautés rendent leur restauration très complexe. Nous recommandons que le projet de loi régissant ces terrains à statut spécifique considère plus explicitement la pluralité et la complexité de leur gestion et l’amélioration du droit des communautés locales et du Fokonolona. L’apport de bénéfices concrets aux communautés locales permettrait également de garantir la pérennisation des activités de RPF. Enfin, la restauration effective des zones agroforestières telles que les pâturages est parmi les motifs clés justifient la nécessité de reconnaître légalement et formellement les Fokonolona et les pratiques coutumières. La synergie des cadres juridiques et politiques des différents secteurs est essentielle pour assurer l’efficacité écologique et sociale de la RPF. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) aims to restore landscape functionality for the benefit of people, climate and biodiversity. Increasingly, land tenure and rights are being considered as important enabling factors in FLR. This study analyses tenure considerations in Madagascar’s legal texts and FLR policies, outlines their inconsistencies and potential limits in achieving FLR aims, and advances policy recommendations. We found that the current legal texts and framework present several inconsistencies that might impede the effectiveness of FLR in delivering positive environmental and social outcomes. Our analyses demonstrate that most of the target areas for reforestation prescribed by national guidelines are not physically demarcated on the ground and are frequently occupied by local people. This implies that reforestation on degraded lands and its upscaling urgently requires the identification and delimitation of these target lands, and greater involvement of local communities. There are incentives for private individuals or groups to plant trees in return for formalizing their land rights on these target areas, but procedures are very complex, and this has delivered little. To increase the positive impacts on local livelihoods and local uptake, we recommend reducing the complexity of devolving ownership rights of these reforested lands to the local community. A review of forest areas legally vested in the forest regime of the state and de centralized local authorities is also required to promote local participation and reduce potential land conflicts. Regarding natural forests, uncertainties around their legal status and the rights of communities make their restoration very complex. We recommend that the law that is currently being drafted to define the tenure status of these lands explicitly takes into account the plurality and complexity of their management and considers the rights of local communities more explicitly to secure their cooperation. In addition, the sustainability of FLR activities in the long term relies on delivering tangible economic benefits to local communities besides access rights, especially where ecological restoration of native species is prioritized. Currently, these benefits are mostly anticipated from payments for ecosystem services schemes which have not so far materialized. The FLR national strategy and draft law concerning the restoration of agroforestry areas such as pastures do not currently make any provision for the recognition of the Fokonolona (the village community) or customary practices. This may seriously undermine local communities’ rights and risk encouraging land grabbing by more powerful entities. Inconsistencies in legal texts can undermine the effectiveness of the forest restoration in terms of hectares restored, it can also result in poor outcomes for local people. Finally, a greater synergy and coherence of public policies and legal texts across the land management, mining, agricultural and environmental sectors is required to increase the effectiveness of FLR in delivering positive social and environmental outcomes.

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“…Madagascar is experiencing major sustainability issues. In the northeastern part of the country, international NGOs are working to implement a global conservation agenda to protect the remaining tropical forest (Bertrand et al, 2014;Gardner et al, 2018;Neudert et al, 2017). At the same time, small-scale farmers cultivate cash crops such as cloves and vanilla to supply a global agricultural commodity market (Andriamihaja et al, 2019;Neimark et al, 2019;Zhu, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%