“…One of the main approaches for synthesizing tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans is one-pot condensation of an aldehyde, dimedone and malononitrile. Most of these methods employ various catalysts such as NH 4 Al(SO 4 ) 2 [23], magnetic Fe 3 O 4 /phenylsulfonic acid [24], magnetite-dihydrogen phosphate [25], ionic liquid [26,27], magnetite supported heteropoly acid [28], mixed metal nano-oxides [29], molecular iodine [30], Ru(II) complexes [31], copper oxide nanoparticles [32], lithium bromide [33], sodium selenate [34], HPA-dendrimer functionalized magnetic nanoparticle [35], and nano α-Al 2 O 3 supported ammonium dihydrogen phosphate [36]. However, despite these procedures are relatively useful, most of the methods encounter some limitations, such as expensive catalysts, long reaction times, toxic organic solvents and harsh reaction conditions.…”