Male gender, age and low income are risk factors for road traffic injuries among adolescents: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Effects of differential training in rule-governed behavior on compliance with traffic rules by pedestrians

“…Nonetheless, although statistical means of compliance percentages choices were found significantly higher than transgression, the latter reached an amount of 42.3%, which linked to ages. This result concurs with prior studies that show that young male and female pedestrian and drivers evidence and over-estimation of their skills in traffic situations, and therefore, they assess their risks inadequately (Jiménez-Mejías et al, 2016;Mannocci, Saulle, Villari, & La Torre, 2019). In fact, they are more prone to break the rule and show risky behaviors (Herrero-Fernández, Macía-Guerrero, Silvano-Chaparro, Merino, & Jenchura, 2016).…”

The Major Causes of Death in Children and Adolescents in the United States

“…Finally, one limitation of CDC WONDER data is the lack of inclusion of poverty variables. However, a broad literature indicates that poverty is an important risk factor for injury across ages, 48 including contributing to increased risks of motor vehicle crashes 49 and firearm injuries. 50…”

State-of-the-art review: preventing child and youth pedestrian motor vehicle collisions: critical issues and future directions

“… 38 Children living in socioeconomically deprived areas are particularly susceptible to child pedestrian injuries likely because of increased exposure. 39 44 In other words, these children often walk more and live in neighbourhoods with more cars on the roads. 24 49 Similarly, neighbourhoods with a high percentage of multifamily dwellings and subsidised housing are associated with increased risk of child pedestrian injuries.…”

“…Measures such as speed humps and roundabouts, and reduced speed limits (20 mph or 30 km/h) are associated with both walkability and a reduction in pedestrian injury incidence. 39 44 51–54 However, results related to the presence of parks and playground are contradictory. A recent study found that the risk of child pedestrian fatalities is up to 2.23 times higher around parks than around schools and up to 1.81 times higher around parks than any other citywide crossing.…”

“…40 41 Finally, boys may also be more likely to leave the house and travel further for outdoor activities and, in some countries, for work. 39 Indigenous children and those from ethnic minorities also experience higher hospital admissions and death rates, which is likely the result of a variety of social inequities. [42][43][44] The literature consistently shows that children facing challenging social and economic conditions of life, including low family income, low parental education, crowding, family disruption and sole parenthood are disproportionately represented in child pedestrian injuries.…”