Mandibular molar C-shaped root canals in 5th millennium BC China

Ren, Hui Ying; Zhao, Yong; Yoo, Yeon-Jee; Zhang, Xiao Wen; Fang, Hui; Wang, Fang; Perinpanayagam, Hiran; Kum, Kee‐Yeon; Gu, Yu

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104773

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The failure of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath to fuse to the buccal or lingual root surface may be the primary cause of this anatomical anomaly, in which a continuous slit or web connects separate root canals [ 8 ]. The mandibular second molars have the most C-shaped canals, followed by the maxillary second molars, especially in Asian ethnic groups' dentition [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Morphology in Mandibular and Maxillary Second Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

et al. 2022

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Endodontic treatment is basically dependent on knowledge of the root canal anatomy. The goal of this study was to use cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging to examine the C-shaped canal configuration of mandibular and maxillary second molars in an Iraqi subpopulation. The prevalence and configurations of C-shaped canals were evaluated in 368 mandibular second molars and 369 maxillary second molars using CBCT scans. The effects of gender, age, and unilateral/bilateral on the presence of C-shaped canals were investigated. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to determine the level of significance ( p ≤ 0.05 ), and kappa value was used to check reliability of results of the research. In mandibular second molars, the prevalence of C-shaped canals was 17.4%. The prevalence was significantly higher in females (23%) than males (10.4%) using the chi-square test. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of C-shaped canal depending on age and tooth position. The C2 type was the most common (56.3%). This prevalence did not differ with gender, age, or tooth position. In maxillary second molars, C-shaped canals were present in 7.9%. Type I (subtype C) (fusion of 2 root canals MB-DB) was the most common type of fused root (65.5%). There is no significant difference in the prevalence of C-shaped canal depending on the type of fused root, age, and tooth position. The majority of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars were bilateral in both genders, but unilateral presence was more common in maxillary second molars in both genders. Within the limits of this study, C-shaped canals were found to be more common in mandibular second molars than in maxillary second molars in an Iraqi subpopulation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Morphology in Mandibular and Maxillary Second Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

et al. 2022

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“…The irregularities of these canals pose difficulties in identifying their boundaries and associated structures, leading to potential treatment complications. Dental professionals need to be well-prepared to address these challenges by utilizing advanced techniques and staying updated with the latest advancements in endodontics [ 30 , 31 ]. The results suggested that the CV-LBF model could accurately segment the root canals of teeth with different morphologies, and the segmentation results were highly coincident with the manual delineation contours, showing that the CV-LBF model has potential application value in the segmentation of dental CBCT images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of children’s oral diagnosis and treatment using imaging examination using AI based Internet of Things

Li,

Qu,

Yue

et al. 2024

THC

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BACKGROUND: Although cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases, its image segmentation method needs to be further improved, and there are still objections about the clinical application effect of general anesthesia (GA) on children’s dental fear (CDF). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the application value of CBCT based on intelligent computer segmentation model in oral diagnosis and treatment of children in the context of biomedical signals, and to analyze the alleviating effect of GA on CDF. METHODS: Based on the regional level set (CV) algorithm, the local binary fitting (LBF) model was introduced to optimize it, and the tooth CBCT image segmentation model CV-LBF was established to compare the segmentation accuracy (SA), maximum symmetric surface distance (MSSD), average symmetric surface distance (ASSD), over segmentation rate (OR), and under segmentation rate (UR) between these model and other algorithms. 82 children with CDF were divided into general anesthesia group (GAG) (n= 38) and controls (n= 44) according to the voluntary principle of their families. Children in GAG were treated with GA and controls with protective fixed intervention. Children’s fear survey schedule-dental subscale (CFSS-DS) and Venham scores were counted before intervention in the two groups. CFSS-DS scores were recorded at 2 hours after intervention and after recovery in children in GAG. CFSS-DS and Venham scores were performed in all children 1 week after surgery. RESULTS: The results showed that the S⁢A value of CV-LBF algorithm was higher than that of region growing algorithm (P< 0.05). OR, UR, MSSD, and ASSD values of CV-LBF algorithm were evidently lower than those of other algorithms (P< 0.05). CFSS-DS scores were lower in GAG than in controls 2 hours after intervention and at return visits after 1 week of intervention (P< 0.001), and Venham scores were lower in GAG than in controls after intervention (P< 0.001). After intervention, the proportion of children with Venham grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 was obviously higher in GAG than in controls (P< 0.001), while the proportion of children with Venham grade 4 and 5 was clearly higher in controls than in GAG (P< 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results revealed that the computer intelligent segmentation model CV-LBF has potential application value in CBCT image segmentation of children’s teeth, and GA can effectively alleviate anxiety of children with CDF and can be used as biomedical signals.

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“…There were reports on the root canal morphology of mandibular second molars in Chinese population after reviewing the literature using the PubMed Database (National Library of Medicine). In studies by Wang et al [ 17 ], Zheng et al [ 18 ] and Ren et al [ 19 ], they reported the information of C-shaped root canal system. In another study by R. Zhang et al [ 7 ], they reported the distributions of variants and C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although these studies improved valuable data on the root canal anatomy, they have limitations in some ways. For example, (i) small sample sizes [ 7 , 19 ]; (ii) limited groups of teeth without age and gender-the root canal system configuration changes over a lifetime [ 10 ], age related morphological variations may present a challenge to the clinician as they increase the difficulty of treatment [ 20 ]; (iii) incompleted information of the non-C-shaped teeth; (iiii) a restricted method: using radiography and clinical examination under microscope might not be able to represent the 3-dimensional images of the root canal anatomy especially C-shaped configurations indeed vary along the root length [ 16 ]. Compared with the periapical radiography, CBCT imaging can provide 3-dimensional images from the axial, sagittal, and coronal sections as well as eliminate the superimposition of surrounding structures [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In studies by Zheng et al [ 18 ] and Ren et al [ 19 ], they reported the information of C-shaped root canal system by gender and age while other root canal morphologies were not referred. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use CBCT imaging to investigate all the root canal morphology (C-shaped and non-C-shaped) of mandibular second molars and analyze the morphological variations in patients belonging to gender and various age groups in a Chinese population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations of root and canal morphology of mandibular second molars in Chinese individuals: a cone-beam computed tomography study

et al. 2022

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Background The mandibular second molars demonstrate variations on root and canal morphology. The aim of this study was to investigate all the root canal morphology of mandibular second molars and analyze the morphological variations in patients by gender and age in a Chinese population use CBCT imaging. Methods Cone-beam computed tomographic images of 1200 bilateral mandibular second molars were obtained from 600 patients (300 females and 300 males) who required a preoperative assessment for implant surgery, surgical removal of impacted teeth, orthodontic treatment, surgery of maxillofacial tumour and cysts or LeFort I osteotomy. CBCT images were divided into 5 groups according to age: “15–24 years”, “25–34 years”, “35–44 years”, “45–54 years” and “≥ 55 years”; and 2 groups by gender: “females” and “males”. The following information were recorded: the number of roots and canals and their morphology, the frequency and configuration of C-shaped canals by gender, age and position (left and right). The chi-square test was used to analyse differences between groups. P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Of the 1200 teeth, 61% had two separate roots located mesiodistally, 35.6% had one C-shaped root. The 45.3% teeth had three canals in two-rooted mandibular second molars. The mesial root showed a Vertucci type II configuration in 28.9% cases followed by type IV(24.4%). While the distal root showed a significant higher prevalence of type I configuration in 95.6%. In the examined 1200 teeth, 430 teeth (35.8%) had C-shaped root canals. The prevalence of C-shaped root canal systems was significantly higher in females (42.5%) than in males (29.1%) (P = 0.000), and did not differ with age (P = 0.126). The 80.4% C-shaped canals were bilateral (P = 0.000) and did not differ with side (left and right) (P = 0.758). Conclusions The most commonly observed root morphology for the mandibular second molars was 2 separate roots with three canals.The prevalence of C-shaped root canal is 35.8% and is more higher in females than in males.

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Mandibular molar C-shaped root canals in 5th millennium BC China

Cited by 13 publications

References 42 publications

Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Morphology in Mandibular and Maxillary Second Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Morphology in Mandibular and Maxillary Second Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Evaluation of children’s oral diagnosis and treatment using imaging examination using AI based Internet of Things

Variations of root and canal morphology of mandibular second molars in Chinese individuals: a cone-beam computed tomography study

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