“…Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), in particular Ag, ZnO, and TiO 2 NPs, are among the most produced and used NPs all over the world (Vance et al, 2015). There are many important applications for metal and metal oxide NPs, such as photocatalysis (X. Chen, Wei, Jiang, & Förster, 2019; P. Han, Martens, Waclawik, Sarina, & Zhu, 2018), food packaging (Jafarzadeh & Jafari, 2020; Zhao et al, 2020), biosensors (Yu et al, 2020), drug delivery (Z. Shi, Li, & Mei, 2020), and anti‐infection (Abo‐zeid & Williams, 2020). However, extensive studies suggested that direct contact with metal and metal oxide NPs induced toxic effects to, for example, cardiovascular (Cao et al, 2018), central nervous (Chang, Li, Niu, Xue, & Tang, 2020), and pulmonary systems (Djurišić et al, 2015), which suggested a risk of metal and metal oxide NP exposure.…”