Pancreatic invasion, perineural invasion and lymph node metastases are the most important prognostic factors for bile duct carcinoma after curative resection.

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The behavior of quantum dots (QDs) in penetration into cell nuclei is investigated. It is discovered that the combination of an organic fluorophore staining the nuclei and UV irradiation can cause QDs of certain size or surface modifications to be trapped inside the cell nuclei. These findings not only provide new insights for intracellular transportation of nanoparticles but also create unique opportunities for labeling biological events inside cell nuclei.