Mapping Ammonia Emissions and Concentrations for Switzerland — Effects on Lichen Vegetation

Rihm, Beat; Urech, Martin; Peter, Kathrin

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_7

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…More recent data, derived from experiments in the UK, Switzerland, Portugal and Italy, all indicate ecologically significant effects in the range of 0.5 -4 μg NH 3 m -3 (Frati et al, 2007, Pinho et al, 2008, Rihm et al, 2008 . The results of the statistical approach described above to each of these datasets are shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Cape Et Al Ammonia Critical Levelmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evidence for changing the critical level for ammonia

Cape

Eerden

Sheppard

et al. 2009

Environmental Pollution

148

100

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Section: Cape Et Al Ammonia Critical Levelmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evidence for changing the critical level for ammonia

Cape

Eerden

Sheppard

et al. 2009

Environmental Pollution

148

100

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“…The ammonia emissions from transport were mapped on the basis of a traffic model (SAEFL, 2004). The spatial pattern of the ammonia concentrations in the air was calculated applying a dispersion model that was verified by measurements with passive samplers (Thoni et al, 2004;Rihm et al, 2009). For calculating the NH 3 deposition on hay meadows, a deposition velocity of 12 mm s −1 was used, which is a typical value for agricultural land (Cape et al, 2009).…”

Section: Modelling N Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen deposition is negatively related to species richness and species composition of vascular plants and bryophytes in Swiss mountain grassland

Roth¹,

Kohli²,

Rihm³

et al. 2013

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

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“…Although this comparison is for an ombrotrophic bog only, there is a considerable body of fi eld evidence to demonstrate the local eff ects of NH 3 in diff erent regions of Europe, especially on lichens ( Table 20.2 ). Much of this evidence relates to surveys around point sources of NH 3 , but wider-scale surveys in agricultural areas also provide evidence of eff ects on biodiversity (Rihm et al ., 2009 ). Ammonia can aff ect epiphytic lichens both because it increases nitrogen availability and because, as a basic gas, it can increase tree bark pH, thus adversely aff ecting acidophytic species.…”

Section: Signifi Cance Of the Form Of N Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is likely, for instance, that the frequency of caterpillars, and therefore butterfl ies and moths, has declined in areas of high N deposition due to both intrinsic vegetation changes and community composition changes (Weiss, 1999 ;Ockinger et al ., 2006 ). However, some butterfl y or moth species may profi t from N deposition if the preferred plant species of their larval forms becomes more dominant Rihm et al . (2009) through N inputs.…”

Section: Evidence For Impacts Of N Deposition On Faunamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen as a threat to European terrestrial biodiversity

Dise¹,

Ashmore²,

Belyazid³

et al. 2011

The European Nitrogen Assessment

113

110

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Nature of the problemBiodiversity is the variability among living organisms, from genes to the biosphere. Th e value of biodiversity is multifold, from preserving • the integrity of the biosphere as a whole, to providing food and medicines, to spiritual and aesthetic well-being. One of the major drivers of biodiversity loss in Europe is atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen (N • r ). ApproachesTh is chapter focuses on N • r impacts on European plant species diversity; in particular, the number and abundance of diff erent species in a given area, and the presence of characteristic species of sensitive ecosystems. We summarise both the scientifi c and the policy aspects of N • r impacts on diversity and identify, using a range of evidence, the most vulnerable ecosystems and regions in Europe. Key fi ndings / state of knowledgeReactive nitrogen impacts vegetation diversity through direct foliar damage, eutrophication, acidifi cation, and susceptibility to secondary • stress. Species and communities most sensitive to chronically elevated N • r deposition are those that are adapted to low nutrient levels, or are poorly buff ered against acidifi cation. Grassland, heathland, peatland, forest, and arctic/montane ecosystems are recognised as vulnerable habitats in Europe; other habitats may be vulnerable but are still poorly studied. It is not yet clear if diff erent wet-deposited forms of N • r (e.g. nitrate, NO 3 − versus ammonium, NH 4 + ) have diff erent eff ects on biodiversity. However, gaseous ammonia (NH 3 ) can be particularly harmful to vegetation, especially lower plants, through direct foliar damage. Th ere are some clear examples of reductions in faunal diversity that can be linked to N • r deposition, but overall, our knowledge of faunal eff ects is still limited. Changes to above-ground faunal communities probably occur primarily through changes in vegetation diversity, composition or structure. Evidence is strong that ecological communities respond to the accumulated pool of plant-available N in the soil. Th us the • cumulative load of enhanced N r impacting an ecosystem is probably highly important. Because of this response to cumulative inputs, it is likely that biodiversity has been in decline in Europe for many decades due to enhanced • N r deposition. Equally, full recovery in response to reduced N r deposition is likely to be slow, especially in highly impacted ecosystems. In some cases recovery may require management intervention. Exceedence of critical loads for nutrient nitrogen is linked to reduced plant species richness in a broad range of European ecosystems. • Major uncertainties/challengesIt is very likely that N • r deposition acts synergistically with other stressors, in particular climate change, acid deposition, and ground-level ozone; these synergies are poorly understood. Th e nature and rate of recovery of biodiversity from nitrogen pollution is not well understood. Th e optimal strategy to restore a habitat, • and exactly what this 'restored' habitat constitutes, are both hard ...

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Mapping Ammonia Emissions and Concentrations for Switzerland — Effects on Lichen Vegetation

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Evidence for changing the critical level for ammonia

Evidence for changing the critical level for ammonia

Nitrogen deposition is negatively related to species richness and species composition of vascular plants and bryophytes in Swiss mountain grassland

Nitrogen as a threat to European terrestrial biodiversity

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