Mapping nano-scale mechanical heterogeneity of primary plant cell walls

Yakubov, Gleb E.; Bonilla, Mauricio R.; Chen, Huaying; Doblin, Monika S.; Bacic, Antony; Gidley, Michael J.; Stokes, Jason R.

doi:10.1093/jxb/erw117

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The vertical confinement of the tubes eliminates the need for constant objective refocusing for long-term microscopy and the single directional and parallelized guidance allows for easier automation and post-processing of growth rates and other morphological assessment. Furthermore, the open channel architecture of the chip (Fig 1a) enables interfacing with well-established experimental platforms, such as the CFM and AFM for mechanical and surface morphology characterization of the cell wall [35,36], or to micro-injection systems for intra-cellular injection of dyes or internal turgor pressure measurement [23], as well as for chemical, electrical, thermal, or osmotic modification of the micro- or macro-environment around the growing pollen tube [37–40]. The design easily allows for fluorescent dye loading via passive diffusion after germination [41] and by pressure shock in non-germinated pollen [42].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massively Parallelized Pollen Tube Guidance and Mechanical Measurements on a Lab-on-a-Chip Platform

et al. 2016

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Pollen tubes are used as a model in the study of plant morphogenesis, cellular differentiation, cell wall biochemistry, biomechanics, and intra- and intercellular signaling. For a “systems-understanding” of the bio-chemo-mechanics of tip-polarized growth in pollen tubes, the need for a versatile, experimental assay platform for quantitative data collection and analysis is critical. We introduce a Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) concept for high-throughput pollen germination and pollen tube guidance for parallelized optical and mechanical measurements. The LoC localizes a large number of growing pollen tubes on a single plane of focus with unidirectional tip-growth, enabling high-resolution quantitative microscopy. This species-independent LoC platform can be integrated with micro-/nano-indentation systems, such as the cellular force microscope (CFM) or the atomic force microscope (AFM), allowing for rapid measurements of cell wall stiffness of growing tubes. As a demonstrative example, we show the growth and directional guidance of hundreds of lily (Lilium longiflorum) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pollen tubes on a single LoC microscopy slide. Combining the LoC with the CFM, we characterized the cell wall stiffness of lily pollen tubes. Using the stiffness statistics and finite-element-method (FEM)-based approaches, we computed an effective range of the linear elastic moduli of the cell wall spanning the variability space of physiological parameters including internal turgor, cell wall thickness, and tube diameter. We propose the LoC device as a versatile and high-throughput phenomics platform for plant reproductive and development biology using the pollen tube as a model.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massively Parallelized Pollen Tube Guidance and Mechanical Measurements on a Lab-on-a-Chip Platform

et al. 2016

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“…More recently, quantitative force-volume mapping (QFM) was adapted to plant cell wall measurements utilizing continuous force curve recording and therefore solving the problem of heterogeneity observation by imaging the topography with the associated E and PI mappings. Studies on Arabidopsis thaliana reported different characteristic modes of deformation and a spatial distribution of the elastic moduli across the surface (Yakubov et al, 2016), while Radotic et al (2012) showed the changes in stiffness of the cell walls at different phases of growth. In addition, new innovative AFM techniques such as mode synthesized AFM (MSAFM) (Tetard et al, 2010(Tetard et al, , 2011 and hybrid photonic force microscopy (HPFM) (Tetard et al, 2015) have been FiGURe 1 | Chemical steps for delignification process starting from a cryotomed young poplar.…”

Section: Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

et al. 2018

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Ethanol production using extracted cellulose from plant cell walls (PCW) is a very promising approach to biofuel production. However, efficient throughput has been hindered by the phenomenon of recalcitrance, leading to high costs for the lignocellulosic conversion. To overcome recalcitrance, it is necessary to understand the chemical and structural properties of the plant biological materials, which have evolved to generate the strong and cohesive features observed in plants. Therefore, tools and methods that allow the investigation of how the different molecular components of PCW are organized and distributed and how this impacts the mechanical properties of the plants are needed but challenging due to the molecular and morphological complexity of PCW. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), capitalizing on the interfacial nanomechanical forces, encompasses a suite of measurement modalities for nondestructive material characterization. Here, we present a review focused on the utilization of AFM for imaging and determination of physical properties of plant-based specimens. The presented review encompasses the AFM derived techniques for topography imaging (AM-AFM), mechanical properties (QFM), and surface/subsurface (MSAFM, HPFM) chemical composition imaging. In particular, the motivation and utility of force microscopy of plant cell walls from the early fundamental investigations to achieve a better understanding of the cell wall architecture, to the recent studies for the sake of advancing the biofuel research are discussed. An example of delignification protocol is described and the changes in morphology, chemical composition and mechanical properties and their correlation at the nanometer scale along the process are illustrated.

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“…From skin to tree branches, many biological tissues exploit anisotropy and gradients in mechanical properties in order to achieve functionality [1][2][3][4]. In skin, the patterning of mechanical anisotropy allows the minimization of stresses when deformed through movement or the action of external forces [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Programmed Complex Stress-Induced Mechanical Deformations of Liquid Crystal Elastomers

Mistry

Gleeson

2020

Crystals

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We prepare a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) with a spatially patterned liquid crystal director field from an all-acrylate LCE. Mechanical deformations of this material lead to a complex and spatially varying deformation with localised body rotations, shears and extensions. Together, these dictate the evolved shape of the deformed film. Using polarising microscopy, we map the local rotation of the liquid crystal director in Eulerian and Lagrangian frames and use these to determine rules for programming complex, stress-induced mechanical shape deformations of LCEs. Moreover, by applying a recently developed empirical model for the mechanical behaviour of our LCE, we predict the non-uniform stress distributions in our material. These results show the promise of empirical approaches to modelling the anisotropic and nonlinear mechanical responses of LCEs which will be important as the community moves toward realising real-world, LCE-based devices.

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Mapping nano-scale mechanical heterogeneity of primary plant cell walls

Abstract: HighlightMicromechanical maps on three plant systems universally reveal ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ domains on the cell wall surface; the observed micrometre-level spatial heterogeneity may be significant for cell growth and morphogenesis.

Cited by 36 publications

References 79 publications

Massively Parallelized Pollen Tube Guidance and Mechanical Measurements on a Lab-on-a-Chip Platform

Massively Parallelized Pollen Tube Guidance and Mechanical Measurements on a Lab-on-a-Chip Platform

Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

Toward Programmed Complex Stress-Induced Mechanical Deformations of Liquid Crystal Elastomers

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