Mass Casualties in the Oklahoma City Bombing

Penetrating and Orthopaedic Trauma from Blast versus Gunshots Caused by Terrorism: Israel's National Experience

“…8 The tertiary blast effect is the additional blunt trauma component caused by structural collapse or falling objects. 9 Quaternary blast effects consist of thermal and chemical injuries caused by burns and inhaled fumes. 8 Musculoskeletal injuries are commonly seen with these devastating blast injuries and their pattern significantly differs from more ''conventional'' blunt trauma commonly encountered in civilian settings.…”

Lethal injuries following building collapse: comparison between autopsy and radiographic findings

“…Discussione I meccanismi, la distribuzione e la tipologia delle lesioni traumatiche a seguito di un crollo di un edifi cio abitativo sono molteplici e complessi e vanno principalmente, ma non esclusivamente, posti in relazione alla causa del crollo [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Autopsy revealed the presence of diffuse intra-alveolar oedema and haemorrhage and areas of acute emphysema in two cases.…”

“…The mechanisms, distribution and type of traumatic lesions sustained following a building collapse are many and complex, and they must be chiefl y, though not exclusively, considered in relation to the cause of the collapse [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Assessing the number, type and severity of lesions observed on the cadavers, revealed by direct necroscopic examination and/or radiography and toxicological analysis, is instrumental for establishing the causes of the event, preventing and reducing risks deriving from such accidents and understanding the death of the victims.…”

“…In fact, it is well e alla modalità di morte delle vittime piuttosto che ad un aumentato rischio generico di danno [8][9][10]. Il crollo di un edifi cio può essere dovuto a cause molto diverse tra loro, dagli uragani a cedimenti strutturali imprevedibili [11][12][13][14][15]. Nel caso in oggetto, l'esplosione di una bombola di gas ha rappresentato l'evento scatenante, ma non causa esclusiva della tragedia: i rilievi successivi al disastro hanno, infatti, dimostrato notevoli carenze strutturali ed irregoknown that in the event of a building collapse, regardless of its causes, the technical characteristics of the building and the circumstances of the damage are more closely related to the pattern of injury and to the mechanism of the victims' deaths rather than to a general increase in the risk of injury [8][9][10].…”

“…Nel caso in oggetto, l'esplosione di una bombola di gas ha rappresentato l'evento scatenante, ma non causa esclusiva della tragedia: i rilievi successivi al disastro hanno, infatti, dimostrato notevoli carenze strutturali ed irregoknown that in the event of a building collapse, regardless of its causes, the technical characteristics of the building and the circumstances of the damage are more closely related to the pattern of injury and to the mechanism of the victims' deaths rather than to a general increase in the risk of injury [8][9][10]. The collapse of a building may be due to a variety of causes, ranging from hurricanes to unforeseeable structural failure [11][12][13][14][15]. In the case examined, although the larità nella progettazione, nella realizzazione originaria e nella manutenzione dell'unità abitativa [4].…”