Mass Mortality of Fishes in Lake Titicaca (Peru–Bolivia) Associated with the Protozoan Parasite<i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis</i>

Wurstbaugh, Wayne A.; Tapia, Rene Alfaro

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1988)117<0213:mmofil>2.3.co;2

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Most of the parasites found on the grass carp do not kill healthy fish under good environmental conditions, though Ichthyophthirius sp. can lead to high mortality rates among grass carp and other fish species (Uzbülek and Yildiz 2002;Elser 1955;Wurtsbaugh and Alfaro 1988), but this was detected in only three sampled grass carp at a moderate level of infestation. Therefore, the high mortality rates among grass carp in the research area were not primarily attributable to parasites; however, the presence of external parasites could be considered a predisposing factor for the entry of secondary invading bacteria due to micro lesions or injuries to the skin and gills (Liu and Lu 2004;Xu et al 2007;Busch et al 2003;Berry et al 1991).…”

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-Scale Farmers in Northern Vietnam

Pucher

Steinbronn

Mayrhofer

et al. 2012

Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and Policies for Mountainous Areas

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-Scale Farmers in Northern Vietnam

Pucher

Steinbronn

Mayrhofer

et al. 2012

Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and Policies for Mountainous Areas

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The parasite, with a wide temperature tolerance (Wagner 1960;Aihua and Buchmann 2001) and a very low degree of host specificity (Buchmann and Nielsen 1999), is probably the most widespread parasite of freshwater teleosts with a geographical range extending from the tropics to temperate regions, northwards in Europe to the Arctic Circle (Matthews 2005), and caused disease (ichthyophthiriasis) not only in wild freshwater fish and in freshwater aquaculture (Nigrelli et al 1976;Wurtsbaugh and Tapia 1988;Buchmann and Bresciani 1997;Traxler et al 1998;Rintamaki-Kinnunen et al 2005a,b), but also in the ornamental fish trade (Kim et al 2002;Thilakaratne et al 2003;Matthews 2005). Infections with I. multifiliis are causing extensive economic losses for conventional earth pond fish farmers as well as fish farmers using new high-technology re-circulated systems (Jorgensen et al 2008;Heinecke and Buchmann 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstracts Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T -V SS , the volume of stock solution; V T , the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P<0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T ) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C.frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V SS /V T of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P<0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.

show abstract

“…Without any preventive treatment it may cause high mortality among both juvenile and adult fish (Elser 1955, Valtonen & Keränen 1981, Majeed et al 1984, Wurtsbaugh & Tapia 1988, Traxler et al 1998. Many chemicals have been tested for preventing the disease, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Rintamäki-Kinnunen¹,

Rahkonen²,

Mannermaa-Keränen³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the use of malachite green was banned in many European countries, new alternative treatments have been tested to prevent white spot disease caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. We tested formalin, potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), chloramine-T, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and Per Aqua or Desirox alone or in combinations of 2 chemicals, one of which was always formalin, in 50 m 2 concrete tanks at 2 farms producing salmon Salmo salar smolt in 2001 and 2002. Both Per Aqua and Desirox are combinations of peracetic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The alternative chemicals or their combinations can be used successfully to lower the parasite burden to such a level that no high mortality occurs during the first 4 wk after the start of an infection. This period of time allows the fish to develop immunity against these ciliates, and treatments can be reduced and stopped in due course. I. multifiliis decreased in number 3 to 4 wk after the beginning of the infection in all the treatments. Large differences in parasite burden and mortality occurred among the replicates in all except the Desirox-formalin tanks, which means that they are not as reliable as the malachite green-formalin used previously. It was also evident that the chemicals and their concentrations must be planned carefully to suit the conditions on each farm. KEY WORDS: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis · Salmo salar · Fish farming · Immunity · Alternative chemicalsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

show abstract

Mass Mortality of Fishes in Lake Titicaca (Peru–Bolivia) Associated with the Protozoan ParasiteIchthyophthirius multifiliis

Cited by 42 publications

References 13 publications

Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-Scale Farmers in Northern Vietnam

Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-Scale Farmers in Northern Vietnam

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About