Mass spectrometry of partially methylated alditol acetates derived from hydroxyethyl starch

Thevis, Mario; Opfermann, Georg; Schänzer, Wilhelm

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(200001)35:1<77::aid-jms916>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In order to determine the presence of HES in urine specimens, one electroanalytical, one colorimetric and three mass spectrometric techniques have been developed based on different sample preparation strategies and analytical approaches [163][164][165][166][167]. A rapid identification of HES consists of the acidic degradation of the polymeric structure giving rise to glucose monomers hydroxyethylated at the positions 2, 3, or 6.…”

Section: Hydroxyethyl Starch (Hes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence for a polymeric origin of hydroxyethylated glucose is accomplished by the preparation of partially methylated alditol acetates (PMAAs) from urinary HES. Here, the polymer is permethylated before acidic degradation into monosaccharides, the resulting partially methylated glucose derivatives are subsequently reduced to corresponding alditols and finally acetylated allowing the determination of former linkage positions [164]. Thus, monosaccharides and different polymeric structures are characterized by specific chromatographic retention times as well as mass spectrometric dissociation behavior of generated PMAAs.…”

Section: Hydroxyethyl Starch (Hes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mass Spectrometry in Doping Control Analysis

Thevis¹,

Schänzer

2005

COC

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Mass spectrometry has become the most frequently employed technique in doping control analysis to identify prohibited compounds ever since their use has been banned by international federations. In combination with gas or liquid chromatography and various ionization methods such as electron or chemical ionization, electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure photo ionization or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, numerous applications have been established enabling the sensitive and selective detection of prohibited drugs in matrices such as urine, blood, and hair. The classes of investigated compounds include low molecular weight drugs such as anabolic steroids, diuretics, β 2 -agonists and β-receptor blocking agents, and others as well as high molecular weight therapeutics, for instance plasma volume expanders based on polysaccharide structures (e.g. hydroxyethyl starch and dextran), hemoglobin-based oxygen therapeutics (e.g. Hemopure), or synthetic insulins. Assays for their identification are commonly based on extractive purification, chemical or enzymatic treatment (i.e. derivatization or degradation) followed by chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis employing various modern analyzers such as quadrupole, ion trap, triple-quadrupole and magnetic-sector mass spectrometers allowing the sensitive and unambiguous qualitative as well as quantitative determination of xenobiotics in elite athletes' doping control samples. Moreover, the administration of drugs naturally occurring in human beings, for instance testosterone, is uncovered by carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry that enables the differentiation between endogenous and exogenous sources. The comparison of δ-values obtained from endogenously produced steroids independent from testosterone and its metabolism with urinary testosterone and its metabolic products allow the determination of surreptitious applications.

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Section: Hydroxyethyl Starch (Hes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydroxyethyl Starch (Hes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry in Doping Control Analysis

Thevis¹,

Schänzer

2005

COC

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“…Typical procedures to detect the presence of β2-agonists (19,20), hormone antagonists and modulators (21)(22)(23)(24), diuretics and masking agents (25)(26)(27)(28)(29), stimulants (30)(31)(32)(33), narcotics (31,34), cannabinoids, glucocorticosteroids (35,36), and β-blockers (31) have been published by the WADA-recognized laboratories. I focus here on three prohibited substance classes: anabolic agents, protein and peptide hormones, and oxygen-transport enhancement.…”

Section: Analytical Challenges and Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Analytical Chemistry of Drug Monitoring in Athletes

Bowers

2009

Annual Rev. Anal. Chem.

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The detection and deterrence of the abuse of performance-enhancing drugs in sport are important to maintaining a level playing field among athletes and to decreasing the risk to athletes' health. The World Anti-Doping Program consists of six documents, three of which play a role in analytical development: The World Anti-Doping Code, The List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, and The International Standard for Laboratories. Among the classes of prohibited substances, three have given rise to the most recent analytical developments in the field: anabolic agents; peptide and protein hormones; and methods to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues, including recombinant erythropoietin. Methods for anabolic agents, including designer steroids, have been enhanced through the use of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Protein and peptide identification and quantification have benefited from advances in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Incorporation of techniques such as flow cytometry and isoelectric focusing have supported the detection of blood doping.

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“…In doping control laboratories, HES is screened for by either mass spectrometric techniques including GC-MS [3,4] and MALDI-TOF [5] or colometric microtiter assays [6][7][8]. The latter technique is most often preferred for screening purposes because of the low cost and sample work up.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%