Maternal smoking and body composition of the newborn

Zarén, Birgitta; Lindmark, Gunilla; Gebre‐Medhin, Mehari

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13995.x

Cited by 57 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In full-term newborn infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, smoking had a clear dose-dependent negative effect on all anthropometric measures in infants (Zaren et al 1996). Newborn infants born of non-smoking but exposed mothers (passive smoking) or mothers who were light smokers (less than ten cigarettes per d) showed a significant reduction in fat mass and most anthropometric measurements (birth weight, crown-heel length and skinfolds).…”

Section: Infants Of Diabetic Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting newborn bone mineral content:in uteroeffects on newborn bone mineralization

Namgung

Tsang

2000

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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55Abbreviations: AGA, appropriate-for-gestational age; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; ICTP, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; IDM, infants of diabetic mothers; 1, Recently, we found evidence of decreased bone formation rates in infants who were small-for-gestational age (SGA) compared with infants who were appropriate-forgestational age; we reported reduced BMC, cord serum osteocalcin (a marker of bone formation) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (the active metabolite of vitamin D), but no alterations in indices of fetal bone collagen metabolism. In theory, reduced utero-placental blood flow in SGA infants may result in reduced transplacental mineral supply and reduced fetal bone formation. Infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) have low BMC at birth, and infant BMC correlated inversely with poor control of diabetes in the mother, specifically first trimester maternal mean capillary blood glucose concentration, implying that factors early in pregnancy might have an effect on fetal BMC. The low BMC in IDM may be related to the decreased transplacental mineral transfer. Cord serum ICTP concentrations were higher in IDM than in control subjects, implying increased intrauterine bone resorption. BMC is consistently increased with increasing body weight and length in infants. Race and gender differences in BMC appear in early life, but not at birth. Ethanol consumption and smoking by the mother during pregnancy affect fetal skeletal development.

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Section: Infants Of Diabetic Mothersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting newborn bone mineral content:in uteroeffects on newborn bone mineralization

Namgung

Tsang

2000

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…São três as teorias mais aceitas para explicar a relação do tabagismo e do peso corporal: aumento da taxa metabólica, com maior gasto de energia pelos fumantes 8,9 ; diferenças na qualidade e quantidade dos alimentos ingeridos pelos fumantes 10,11 e ação anorética da nicotina 12,13 . Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que levam ao retardo de crescimento intra-uterino em fetos de mães fumantes não estão totalmente elucidados 14,15 . Dentre os muitos constituintes da fumaça do cigarro, a nicotina e o monóxido de carbono têm sido considerados os principais responsáveis pelos efeitos deletérios no feto humano, visto que ambas as substâncias são rapidamente transferidas através da placenta 16,17 .…”

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Influência da exposição a fumaça lateral do cigarro sobre o ganho de peso e o consumo alimentar de ratas gestantes: análise do peso e do comprimento dos filhotes ao nascimento

Mello¹,

Okay²,

Botelho³

2006

Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet.

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RESUMOObjetivos: analisar o efeito do tabagismo sobre o ganho ponderal e o consumo alimentar de ratas durante a gestação, e o peso e comprimento dos filhotes ao nascimento. Métodos: foram estudadas 51 ratas (Wistar) do 2º dia até o final da gestação, divididas em três grupos: Grupo F: 15 ratas expostas à fumaça de dois cigarros/animal/dia + ar comprimido (10 L/ min); Grupo Ar: 18 ratas expostas ao ar comprimido (10 L/min); Grupo C: 18 ratas não manipuladas e não expostas. Os parâmetros aferidos foram: peso das ratas e seu consumo alimentar e comprimento e peso dos filhotes ao nascer. Foi aplicado o teste de Lavene para verificação do comportamento da distribuição das variáveis numéricas, e para análises paramétricas utilizou-se o ANOVA ou teste t de Student, conforme o caso. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. Resultados: as ratas expostas ao tabaco consumiram menos alimentos por dia [Grupo F=18,9 (±1,2) vs Grupo Ar=21,7 (±1,6) vs Grupo C=24,2 (±1,7); (p<0,05)] e apresentaram menor ganho ponderal ao final da gestação em relação às ratas expostas ao ar comprimido e ao grupo controle: peso no vigésimo dia de gestação: Grupo F=338,9 g (±13,8) vs Grupo Ar=352,3g (±15,9) vs Grupo C=366,3 g (±13,1); p<0,001). O peso dos filhotes ao nascimento [(Grupo F=5,5 g (±0,3); Grupo Ar=5,9 g (±0,5); Grupo C=5,9 g (±0,4) -p<0,01] e o comprimento ao nascer [Grupo F=6,8 cm (±0,2); Grupo Ar=6,9 cm (±0,2); Grupo C=6,9 cm (±0,1) -p<0,05] foram significativamente menores no grupo de ratas expostas ao tabaco em relação aos outros dois grupos, que não diferiram entre si. Conclusões: a exposição ao tabaco reduziu o ganho ponderal e o consumo alimentar das ratas durante a gestação e produziu redução do peso e do comprimento dos filhotes ao nascimento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Tabagismo; Gestação; Ganho de peso; Peso ao nascer; Retardo do crescimento fetal; Ratos ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the effect of cigarette smoke on weight gain and food consumption of female pregnant rats, as well as of their offspring's weight and length at birth Methods: Wistar rats were studied from the second day until the end of pregnancy. Fifty-one female rats were divided into three groups: Group F: 15 rats exposed to tobacco smoke (2 cigarettes/animal/day) plus air flush (10 L/min); Group Air: 18 rats exposed to air flush only (10 L/min); Group C: 18 non-exposed, non-manipulated controls. Body weight was measured every 5 days and food consumption every seven days (expressed as medium consumption per day). Offspring weight and length were measured on the first day of life. The Lavene test was used to verify the behavior of numeric variable distribution and for parametric one-way ANOVA analysis and Student's t test were used, according to the case. Results with p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: the rats of Group F consumed less food per day [Group F=18.9 g (±1.2) vs Group Air=21.7 g (±1,6) vs Group C=24.2g (±1,7); (p<0,05)], gained less weight during pregnancy than the animals of the air flush group and the control group: Group F=...

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“…However, studies examining potential early effects of maternal smoking on newborn BMC are inconclusive (18,29), especially as differences between groups according to maternal smoking become insignificant after adjusting BMC for infant length (18). Maternal cigarette smoking is well known to retard fetal growth in a dose-dependent relationship on all anthropometric characteristics of the newborn (30,31). The way in which smoking exerts its negative influence on fetal growth is still not fully understood.…”

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confidence: 99%

Perinatal Bone Turnover in Term Human Neonates and the Influence of Maternal Smoking

et al. 2003

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Bone turnover in neonates appears independently of the comparably low maternal bone turnover, but there is only sparse information on the effect of the in utero environment on fetal bone turnover. Postnatally, the resuming growth velocity and alterations in mineral homeostasis affect neonatal bone turnover. This study evaluated the relationship of bone marker concentrations to maternal and fetal auxological variables as well as maternal smoking and assessed the short-term change in bone markers during the first days of life. Serum markers of bone formation [osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP)] and bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) were measured in cord blood and at discharge (median d 3) in 69 healthy term neonates. Concentrations of BALP were significantly lower in neonates of smokers (n ϭ 16) compared with nonsmokers (n ϭ 53), both at birth (p ϭ 0.013) and at discharge (p ϭ 0.036). Both cord osteocalcin and BALP were negatively related to maternal weight and maternal body mass index. Maternal smoking and pregnancy weight gain were the predictors of cord BALP (r 2 ϭ 0.24; p Ͻ 0.001), whereas the mode of delivery best predicted cord C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen levels (r 2 ϭ 0.19; p Ͻ 0.001). C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and osteocalcin increased significantly (p Ͻ 0.001) from birth to discharge, whereas BALP levels did not change significantly during the same period. Our results suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal obesity may have a negative impact on fetal bone formation. The significant increase of osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen may result either from an increase in bone turnover or altered renal clearance. Abbreviations BALP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase CTX, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (crossLaps) OC, osteocalcin ALP, alkaline phosphatase AGA, appropriate for gestational age SGA, small for gestational age BMI, body mass index BMC, bone mineral content CV, coefficient of variation PGH, placental GH Linear growth in the fetus is high during the second trimester of pregnancy, but drops sharply after the 30th wk of gestation (1). Data obtained from a large cohort of neonates from a Swiss study (2) show that fetal length and weight plateau at approximately 37 wk of gestation, whereas fetal bone mineralization and ossification increase toward the end of pregnancy. This shift from fetal bone growth to maintenance is also evidenced by inverse correlations between gestational age and bone turnover markers in cord blood (3-8) or amniotic fluid (9).Postnatally, the first 6 to 12 d represent a transitional growth period. This is characterized by large individual variations (2) in body weight and hydration state that complicate the assessment of the postnatal growth pattern. Because of the large measurement errors during this period, reliable growth data are sparse and inconsistent for the first days of life. However, along with the postnatal resumption in gr...

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Maternal smoking and body composition of the newborn

Cited by 57 publications

References 18 publications

Factors affecting newborn bone mineral content:in uteroeffects on newborn bone mineralization

Factors affecting newborn bone mineral content:in uteroeffects on newborn bone mineralization

Influência da exposição a fumaça lateral do cigarro sobre o ganho de peso e o consumo alimentar de ratas gestantes: análise do peso e do comprimento dos filhotes ao nascimento

Perinatal Bone Turnover in Term Human Neonates and the Influence of Maternal Smoking

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