Maternal vitamin D level and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism as a risk factor for congenital heart diseases in offspring; An Egyptian case-control study

Abstract

Vitamin D & vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling play a very crucial role in early embryonic heart development. We construct this case-control study to investigate the association between maternal serum vitamin D level & VDR gene Fok1 polymorphism and risk of congenital heart defects (CHD) in offspring. Fifty mothers who had term neonates with CHD were considered as cases. Fifty age-comparable healthy mothers who had neonates without CHD were contemplated as controls. Maternal serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] level was tested using ELISA. Maternal VDR gene Fok1 polymorphism was analyzed using PCR-based RFLP-assay. There was a significant decrease in maternal vitamin D level ( P = 0.002) and a significant increase in vitamin D deficient status ( P = 0.007) among cases when compared to controls. VDR gene Fok1 genotypes distribution frequency were in accordance with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HW) among controls. A significant increase in VDR gene Fok1 F/f & f/f genotypes and f allele were observed in cases compared to controls with estimated odds ratio (95% confidence interval) & P -value of 3 (1–8) & P = 0.006, 11 (1–97) & P = 0.01 and 3 (2–6) & P = 0.001 respectively. There was a significant decrease in maternal vitamin D level in neonates with cyanotic CHD ( P = 0.000) compared to those with a cyanotic CHD while there was no significant difference in VDR Fok1 genotype ( P = 0.18) & allele ( P = 0.05) distribution between two groups. We concluded that maternal vitamin D deficiency and VDR gene Fok1 F/f, f/f genotype and f allele were associated with increased risk of CHD in offspring.

Impact of Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Status on the Development of Congenital Anomalies in Egyptian Model

“…In a study conducted in Zakazig University, Egypt by Mokhtar et al they analyzed the association between both maternal VD level and VDR gene Fok1polymorphism and risk of CHD in offspring. Concerning maternal VD level and status among Egyptian healthy control mothers, they concluded that the percentage of mothers having deficient, insufficient, inadequate, and sufficient VD status were 16%, 50%, 22%, and 12%, respectively [20]. https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/index In a study done by Gulenay et al aimed to evaluate maternal serum VD levels in neonates with isolated CDH compared to pregnant patients without CDH, The results showed that mean maternal serum VD levels were significantly lower in the study group than in the controls (p: 0.019) [21].…”

Comparison of Ergosterol and Vitamin D2 in Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Cordyceps militaris Using Ultraviolet Irradiation Directly on Dry Powder or in Ethanol Suspension

“…In addition, insufficient vitamin D intake often affects the endocrine pancreas and the immune system, leading to various diseases . Vitamin D deficiency is known to be associated with various diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, arterial stiffness, neuropsychiatric disorders, and diabetes . Furthermore, vitamin D has been used as an adjunct to treat COVID-19, which left more than three million people dead as of May 18, 2021 …”

UV induced conversion during drying of ergosterol to vitamin D in various mushrooms: Effect of different drying conditions

“…In addition, insufficient vitamin D intake often affects the endocrine pancreas and immune system, leading to a variety of diseases ( Arabi, Bahrami, Ranjbar, Tabesh, & Norouzy, 2020 ; Leuven, 2020 ; Wu, Cai, Liu, Zhu, & Guan, 2020 ). More recently, many studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to non-skeletal diseases, such as cancer ( Carlberg & Muñoz, 2020 ), heart disease ( Mokhtar, Fawzy, Allam, Amer, & Hamed, 2019 ), arterial stiffness ( Chen et al, 2019 ), neuropsychiatric disorders ( Kim et al, 2020 ), diabetes ( Mirzavandi et al, 2020 ; Zhang, Wu, Lu, & Fei, 2020 ) and other chronic illnesses. In addition, studies have shown that vitamin D can be used as an adjunct to the treatment of COVID-19, which ravaged the world in 2020 and left 612,054 people dead as of 6:18pm CEST, July 22, 2020 ( Annweiler, Cao, & Sabatier, 2020 ; Martín Giménez et al, 2020 ; Razdan, Singh, & Singh, 2020 ; WHO, 2020 ).…”