Maturation of Brainstem Reflex Mechanisms in Relation to the Transition from Liquid to Solid Food Ingestion

Thexton, A.J.; McGarrick, J.D.

doi:10.1159/000118859

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Alley [1973] also demonstrated that synaptogenesis occurred on Me5 neurons between P3 and P15. Functionally, jaw muscle electromyography patterns change in accordance with the transition from suckling to chewing behaviors [Westneat and Hall, 1992], and a decrease in the latency of activation of jaw-opener motoneurons, following stimulation of the jaw-openeing reflex, is observed [Thexton and McGarrick, 1984]. We propose that changes in mGluR profiles in these neurons during early postnatal development may underlie trophic changes in trigeminal neurons as well as functional changes in jaw muscle activity patterns following reflex and central activation.…”

Section: Developmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Expression of Group I and II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Trigeminal Neurons during Postnatal Development

et al. 2001

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Trigeminal motoneurons (Mo5), mesencephalic trigeminal neurons (Me5), supratrigeminal neurons (Su5), and intertrigeminal neurons (I5) are important constituents of the neural circuitry responsible for jaw movements. Glutamate neurotransmission, mediated by ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), is critical for the production of jaw movements. To better understand the role of mGluR-mediated modulation of these neurons during early postnatal development, we conducted a series of experiments to illustrate the ontogeny of mGluRs 1, 5 (group I) and mGluRs 2, 3 (group II) in Mo5, Me5, Su5, and I5 neurons using receptor immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrate that the temporal expression of mGluRs is differentially regulated between, and within these trigeminal nuclei. The localization of group I and II mGluRs in these nuclei suggests a role for these receptors in mediating glutamatergic neurotransmission in brainstem circuits responsible for oral-motor behaviors.

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Section: Developmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Expression of Group I and II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Trigeminal Neurons during Postnatal Development

et al. 2001

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“…The lack of consistent findings across all animals is surprising given the previous work in rats demonstrating ipsilateral loss of the jaw-opening reflex immediately following unilateral LN injury (Radwan & Thexton, 1993). The reflex is thought to be critical for regulating jaw movements during the gape cycle (Haraguchi et al, 1994;Lund, Kolta, Westberg, & Scott, 1998), and appears to mature during when animals begin to ingest solid foods (Thexton & McGarrick, 1984). The pigs used here were weaned at 3 weeks, and while not fully craniodentally mature, have reached the stage identified by (Huang, Zhang, & Herring, 1994) in which adult masticatory behavior and physiology have been acquired.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The effect of unilateral lingual nerve injury on the kinematics of mastication in pigs

Montuelle

Olson

Curtis

et al. 2019

Archives of Oral Biology

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Objective: This study evaluates the effect of unilateral lingual sensory loss on the spatial and temporal dynamics of jaw movements during pig chewing. Design: X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) was used to reconstruct the 3dimensional jaw movements of 6 pigs during chewing before and after complete unilateral lingual nerve transection. The effect of the transection were evaluated at the temporal and spatial level using Multiple Analysis of Variance. Temporal variables include gape cycle and phase durations, and the corresponding relative phase durations. Spatial variables include the amplitude of jaw opening, jaw yaw, and of mandibular retraction-protraction. Results: The temporal and spatial dynamics of jaw movements did not differ when chewing ipsiversus contralateral to the transection. When compared to pre-transection data, 4 of the 6 animals showed significant changes in temporal characteristics of the gape cycle following the transection, irrespective of chewing side, but the specific response to the lesion was highly dependent on the animal. On the other hand, in affected individuals the amplitude of jaw movements was altered similarly in all 3 dimensions: jaw opening and protraction-retraction increased whereas jaw yaw decreased. Conclusion: The variable impact of this injury in this animal model suggests that individuals use different compensatory strategies to adjust or maintain the temporal dynamics of the gape cycle. Because the amplitude of jaw movements are more adversely affected than their timing, results suggest that maintaining the tongue-jaw coordination is critical and this can come at the expense of bolus handling and masticatory performance.

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“…10 In the present study, this sucking-chewing transition in experimental rats that have been fed a liquid diet since the weaning time may be impeded. Therefore, the long-latency reflex, which is typically found in immature rats, 10 was recorded from adult rats in the experimental group when evoked by low-intensity electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral IAN. It may not be possible to accept totally that only afferent fibers mediating the nonnociceptive JOR were activated in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…9 In more detailed literature, it was found that the latency of the JOR in neonatal rats was much longer than in adults, and the short-latency digastric reflex was recommended as the necessary precondition for adult oral function. 10 Mastication is an acquired-learning function, which has the critical period for programming during young ages. 11 Normally, juvenile changes could be directed to achieve optimal masticatory function in an adult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex

Changsiripun

Yabushita

Soma

2009

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To test the null hypothesis that alteration in masticatory function due to liquid-diet feeding during growth does not affect jaw-opening reflex (JOR) maturation. Materials and Methods: Soon after weaning, 70 female Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups and fed either solid (control group) or liquid (experimental group) diets. At 5, 9, and 13 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the JOR was recorded in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles as evoked by a low-intensity electrical stimulation of the left inferior alveolar nerve. Results: There were similar tendencies at each recording age. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the JOR was significantly smaller, and the latency was significantly longer in the experimental group, although the duration was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that long-term masticatory functional change due to liquid-diet feeding during growth may impede the learning for JOR maturation, and thus may affect the masticatory performance in the adult. (Angle Orthod. 2009;79:299-305.)

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Maturation of Brainstem Reflex Mechanisms in Relation to the Transition from Liquid to Solid Food Ingestion

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Expression of Group I and II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Trigeminal Neurons during Postnatal Development

Expression of Group I and II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Trigeminal Neurons during Postnatal Development

The effect of unilateral lingual nerve injury on the kinematics of mastication in pigs

Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex

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