Maxillofacial fractures masking traumatic intracranial hemorrhages

Presence of accompanying head injury in patients with maxillofacial trauma

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17] Nevertheless, the mean age of the patients exposed to maxillofacial trauma is above 30 years. [3,8,[14][15][16][17][18][19] There is a close relationship between the presence of accompanying head injury in patients with maxillofacial fractures. [2][3][4][5][6][7] The risk of experiencing head trauma varies between 2.04% and 14%.…”

“…[2,[4][5][6][7] Patients with head trauma may be divided into those with intracranial hemorrhage, brain contusion and skull fracture. Hohlrieder et al [15] and Kanno et al [18] evaluated only the patients with intracranial hemorrhage among those with maxillofacial trauma, and found the rates of intracranial hemorrhage as 9.7% and 9.0%, respectively. This rate is 3.65% (9/246) in the current study.…”

“…While motor vehicle accident is the leading etiology in most of the studies in the literature, [1,6,13,14,16,[18][19][20][21] there are also studies available reporting that sports injuries [8,15] or assaults [2,3] are the most common etiologies in maxillofacial trauma. In many studies, while the risk of head trauma accompanying facial fractures has been reported to increase significantly, [8,16,18,22] Hohlrieder et al [17] reported that traffic accidents did not increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in 2195 patients with facial fractures.…”

Associated Maxillofacial Injuries in Patients with Severe brain Injuries: Institutional Study of Ateritiary Care Hospital

“…Pappachan and Alexander and Haug et al reported the frontal bone to be the most commonly fractured cranial bone 2 but Hohlrieder et al reported the basal skull as the most common fractured calvarial bone Because the skull base and frontal bone are in direct anatomic contact with the facial bones, they may be more prone to fracture in facial trauma as compared with other cranial bones. We observed that CSF rhinorrhea was more common in head injuries with facial trauma than those without facial trauma 18 .…”

“…During the review of literature we found that results of studies evaluating the relationship between facial and head injuries are conflicting. Hohlrieder et al reported that Le Fort II and III, orbit, nose, zygoma, and maxillary fractures were associated with a 2-to 4-fold risk of intracranial hemorrhage, while mandibular fracture had lowest risk 18 . Kloss et al reported the zygoma and orbit to be the most common fractured bones patients with intracranial bleed and concomitant facial fractures 19 Haug et al reported that although the mandible was the most frequent fractured bone in patients with concomitant facial and head injuries, midface fractures were more frequently associated with closed head injuries than mandible fractures 20 .…”