Maximal Sprint Speed and the Anaerobic Speed Reserve Domain: The Untapped Tools that Differentiate the World’s Best Male 800 m Runners

Sandford, Gareth N.; Kilding, Andrew E.; Ross, Angus; Laursen, Paul B.

doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1010-5

Cited by 35 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Using a sequence of sub-maximal-maximal-sub-maximal trials and back-extrapolation, they estimate that metabolic efficiency declines enough during 100-240 s duration cycling time trials to result in a ~ 30% underestimation of the anaerobic energy contribution to total energy expenditure. Unfortunately, comprehensive quantification of running economy (total external work performed/total energy expenditure) at speeds above the lactate threshold remains elusive [12]. While traditional endurance disciplines can be described as maximization challenges (i.e., training that enhances VO 2max or fractional utilization is "always positive" for performance), we propose that the 800-m event in particular requires an energy release optimization strategy that respects the interactions and trade-offs between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism emerging in both training and performance.…”

Section: The Energetic Side Of the Middle-distance Coinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While traditional endurance disciplines can be described as maximization challenges (i.e., training that enhances VO 2max or fractional utilization is "always positive" for performance), we propose that the 800-m event in particular requires an energy release optimization strategy that respects the interactions and trade-offs between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism emerging in both training and performance. This complexity allows internationally successful middledistance runners to present a variety of physiological profiles [12][13][14][15]. For example, VO 2max ranges from ~ 65 to 85 ml•kg•min −1 in elite men [16,29,70,71].…”

Section: The Energetic Side Of the Middle-distance Coinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concept of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) was originally introduced by Blondel et al [81] and further developed by Sandford and associates [12][13][14][15] to provide a "first layer insight" of athlete profiling. ASR is defined as the speed zone ranging from vVO 2max to MSS.…”

Section: Athlete Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training [e.g., [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], it is reasonable to argue that the developments in these disciplines have not been driven by sport scientists [18]. Publicly available "recipe books" and training diaries based upon the practical experience and intuition of world-leading athletes and coaches have become important and popular sources of best practice training information and framework development for the international middle-distance community (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

et al. 2021

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Despite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training (herein the 800 and 1500 m events), information regarding the training methodologies of world-class runners is limited. Therefore, the objective of this review was to integrate scientific and best practice literature and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite middle-distance performance. Herein, we describe how well-known training principles and fundamental training characteristics are applied by world-leading middle-distance coaches and athletes to meet the physiological and neuromuscular demands of 800 and 1500 m. Large diversities in physiological profiles and training emerge among middle-distance runners, justifying a categorization into types across a continuum (400–800 m types, 800 m specialists, 800–1500 m types, 1500 m specialists and 1500–5000 m types). Larger running volumes (120–170 vs. 50–120 km·week−1 during the preparation period) and higher aerobic/anaerobic training distribution (90/10 vs. 60/40% of the annual running sessions below vs. at or above anaerobic threshold) distinguish 1500- and 800-m runners. Lactate tolerance and lactate production training are regularly included interval sessions by middle-distance runners, particularly among 800-m athletes. In addition, 800-m runners perform more strength, power and plyometric training than 1500-m runners. Although the literature is biased towards men and “long-distance thinking,” this review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners to further explore and quantify the training and development of elite 800- and 1500-m running performance and serves as a position statement for outlining current state-of-the-art middle-distance training recommendations.

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Section: The Energetic Side Of the Middle-distance Coinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Energetic Side Of the Middle-distance Coinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Athlete Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

et al. 2021

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“…However, Bachero-Mena et al (2017) found correlations between 20-m sprint and 800TT, and between 200 m and 800TT. In addition, Sandford et al (2019a) have put focus on the role of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), i.e., the difference between MAS and MANS, as an important performance determining factor in the 800 m. However, from investigating the role of ASR in 1500-m runners, Sandford et al (2019b) highlights an important principle, that ASR in isolation is not indicative of an athlete's caliber if not put in context with the actual level of MAS and MANS. Ortiz et al (2018) have demonstrated a positive correlation between MANS and ASR, but a negative correlation between MAS and ASR in soccer players.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic and Anaerobic Speed Predicts 800-m Running Performance in Young Recreational Runners

et al. 2021

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The main aim was to investigate the impact of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), maximal anaerobic speed (MANS), and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 130% MAS, on 800-m running time performance (800TT). A second aim was to investigate the impact of anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), i.e., the relative difference between MAS and MANS, on TTE. A total of 22 healthy students classified as recreational runners participated in a cross-sectional study. They were tested for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen cost of running (CR), time performance at 100 m (100TT), time performance at 800 m (800TT), and TTE. MAS was calculated as VO2max × CR–1, and MANS was calculated as 100TT velocity. Both MAS and MANS correlated individually with 800TT (r = –0.74 and –0.67, respectively, p < 0.01), and the product of MAS and MANS correlated strongly (r = –0.82, p < 0.01) with 800TT. TTE did not correlate with 800TT. Both ASR and % MANS correlated strongly with TTE (r = 0.90 and –0.90, respectively, p < 0.01). These results showed that 800TT was first and foremost dependent on MAS and MANS, and with no impact from TTE. It seemed that TTE was merely a product of each runner’s individual ASR. We suggest a simplified model of testing and training for 800TT, namely, by focusing on VO2max, CR, and short sprint velocity, i.e., MAS and MANS.

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Critical speed and finite distance capacity: norms for athletic and non-athletic groups

2020

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Purpose Two parameters in particular span both health and performance; critical speed (CS) and finite distance capacity (D′). The purpose of the present study was to: (1) classify performance norms, (2) distinguish athletic from non-athletic individuals using the 3-min all-out test (3MT) for running, and (3) introduce a deterministic model highlighting the relationship between variables of the 3MT. Methods Athletic (n = 43) and non-athletic (n = 25) individuals participated in the study. All participants completed a treadmill graded exercise test (GXT) with verification bout and a 3MT on an outdoor sprinting track. Results Meaningful differences between non-athletic and athletic individuals (denoted by mean difference scores, p value and Cohen's d with 95% confidence intervals) were evident for CS (− 0.74 m s −1 , p < 0.001, d = − 1.41 [1.97, − 0.87]), exponential growth time constant ( g ; 2.75 s, p < 0.001, d = − 1.29 [− 1.45, − 0.42]), time to maximal speed ( t max ; − 2.80 s, p < 0.001, d = − 0.98 [− 1.51, − 0.47]), maximal speed ( S max ; − 1.36 m s −1 , p < 0.001, d = − 1.56 [− 2.13, − 1.01]), gas exchange threshold (GET; − 5.62 ml kg −1 min −1 , p < 0.001, d = − 0.97 [− 1.50, − 0.45]), distance covered in the first minute (1st min; − 81.69 m, p < 0.001, d = − 1.91 [− 2.52, − 1.33]), distance covered in the second minute (2nd min; − 52.02 m, p < 0.001, d = − 1.71 [− 2.30, − 1.15]) and maximal distance (− 153.78 m, p < 0.001, d = − 1.27 [− 1.82, − 0.74]). The correlation coefficient between key physiological and performance variables are shown in the form of a deterministic model created from the data derived from the 3MT. Conclusions Coaches and clinicians may benefit from the use of normative data to potentially identify exceptional or irregular occurrences in 3MT performances.

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Maximal Sprint Speed and the Anaerobic Speed Reserve Domain: The Untapped Tools that Differentiate the World’s Best Male 800 m Runners

Cited by 35 publications

References 61 publications

Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners

Aerobic and Anaerobic Speed Predicts 800-m Running Performance in Young Recreational Runners

Critical speed and finite distance capacity: norms for athletic and non-athletic groups

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