Measurement of short-term exposure to airborne soluble platinum in the platinum industry

Maynard, Andrew; Northage, Christine; Hemingway, M.A.; Bradley, Stephen D

doi:10.1016/s0003-4878(96)00026-9

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…7 The respiratory tract shows a higher PGM uptake compared to the digestive tract, 23 and since inhalation is seen as the primary route of exposure to Pt salts, the majority of research regarding exposure has been performed on respiratory exposure. However, Maynard et al 24 suggested that the skin as a route of exposure might serve as an alternative exposure route for Pt salts, and in vitro permeation studies have shown that Pt is permeable through intact human skin. 25,26 Heederik et al 27 also stated that dermal exposure could be considered as an additional route of exposure in more comprehensive exposure assessments as it is unclear whether it plays a role in sensitization to Pt salts.…”

Section: Routes Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Respiratory Exposure to Platinum Group Metals: A Review and Recommendations

Linde

Franken

Plessis

2017

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Platinum group metals (PGMs) is a group of metals that include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. Occupational respiratory exposure to platinum has been reported since 1945, but studies investigating occupational exposure to palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium are scarce. This review provides a summation of the information available on the respiratory exposure to PGMs in various industrial settings, methods used to assess exposure, and the possible adverse health effects resulting from occupational exposure to PGMs. Of these effects, respiratory sensitization caused by soluble PGMs is of most importance. Metallic PGMs have not been shown to cause allergic reactions. This review reiterates that occupational respiratory exposure to PGMs is dependent on the type of industry where exposure takes place, the chemical form (soluble or insoluble) of the PGMs present in the workplace air, and the tasks performed by workers in the specific work areas. Sensitization to soluble platinum is associated with the degree of exposure to soluble platinum compounds, and the highest concentrations of soluble PGMs in workplace air have been reported for precious metals refineries where personal exposures frequently exceed the occupational exposure limit for soluble platinum (2 μg/m). Additionally, this review emphasizes that personal exposure monitoring is preferred over area monitoring when assessing workers' exposure to PGMs. The legislation applicable to occupational exposure to PGMs is also discussed, and it is highlighted that the occupational exposure limit for soluble platinum has remained unchanged, in most countries, since 1970 and that too few countries have classified PGM compounds as respiratory or skin sensitizers. Finally, recommendations are made to ensure that future investigations are comparable in terms of the type of exposure monitoring (personal or area) conducted, the type of tasks included in the exposure monitoring program, and the format in which results are reported.

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Section: Routes Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Respiratory Exposure to Platinum Group Metals: A Review and Recommendations

Linde

Franken

Plessis

2017

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…It is only known that dermal exposure to rhodium salts may lead to permeation through and retention in the skin, which may consequentially contribute to sensitization. It may be suggested that rhodium retained in the skin forms stable complexes with proteins in vivo , acting as haptens with the ability of inducing antibody formation and contributing to hypersensitivity and other dermal effects (Franken et al, 2014; Maynard et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these metals, platinum is the most abundant and has been used as the main element in VECs for years, leading to a far greater demand for platinum than any of the other PGMs (Gómez et al, 2000). Therefore, research conducted on occupational exposure to PGMs focused primarily on airborne particulate platinum matter via inhalation (Maynard et al, 1997; Merget et al, 2000; Merget and Rosner, 2001; Tarlo and Liss, 2001). Over the last few decades, however, a larger amount of VECs were equipped with rhodium as the main, and often the only, active catalytic product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, very little is known about occupational exposure to rhodium and its salt compounds, or the health effects following such exposure. When investigating the health risks associated with PGMs in occupational settings, it is crucial to consider exposure through the skin as a possible contributor to detrimental health effects (Maynard et al, 1997). Research on rhodium exposure via inhalation is very limited and exposure to rhodium salts through the skin is non-existent, with the exception of one study (Franken et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of pH on the in vitro permeation of rhodium through human skin

2016

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Workers in precious metals refineries are at risk of exposure to salt compounds of the platinum group metals through inhalation, as well as through the skin. Rhodium salt permeation through the skin has previously been proven using rhodium trichloride (RhCl) dissolved in synthetic sweat at a pH of 6.5. However, the skin surface pH of refinery workers may be lower than 6.5. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of pH 6.5 and 4.5 on the in vitro permeation of rhodium through intact Caucasian skin using Franz diffusion cells. A concentration of 0.3 mg mL rhodium was used and analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Results indicated a cumulative increase in permeation over 24 h. Rhodium permeation after 12 h was significantly greater at pH 4.5 (1.56 ± 0.24 ng cm) than at 6.5 (0.85 ± 0.13 ng cm; p = 0.02). At both pH levels, there was a highly significant difference ( p < 0.01) between the mass of rhodium remaining in the skin (1428.68 ± 224.67 ng cm at pH 4.5 and 1029.90 ± 115.96 ng cm at pH 6.5) and the mass that diffused through (0.88 ± 0.17 ng cm at pH 4.5 and 0.62 ± 0.10 ng cm at pH 6.5). From these findings, it is evident that an acidic working environment or low skin surface pH may enhance permeation of rhodium salts, contributing to sensitization and adverse health effects.

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“…Die Analytik von Platin ist bis in den Picogramm-Bereich hinein möglich, Kurzzeitexpositionen sind messbar [19].…”

Section: Symptomeunclassified

Soforttypallergien auf Metallverbindungen: Platinsalze

Merget

Kampen²,

Brüning³

2003

Pneumologie

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EpidemiologieDie Platinsalzallergie wurde bisher mit Ausnahme der sehr seltenen cis-Platinallergie im Rahmen der Tumortherapie ausschlieû-lich an Arbeitsplätzen beschrieben. Sieht man einmal von historischen Beschreibungen ab (Erstbeschreibung bei Arbeitern ei- AbstractImmediate type allergies due to metal compounds containing chromium, nickel, cobalt and platinum are rare. However, allergies to platinum salts represent a major health hazard in few precious metal refineries and catalyst productions. Sensitization can be shown with a highly specific and sensitive skin prick test. A dose-response relationship has clearly been established by prospective longitudinal studies, however the definition of a valid threshold limit is difficult due to the high variability of exposure.Smoking is a predicting factor, whereas atopy is not. Prognosis depends on the duration of symptomatic exposure in high exposure areas. Secondary prevention (medical surveillance) is effective in the prevention of persistent symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

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Measurement of short-term exposure to airborne soluble platinum in the platinum industry

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

Occupational Respiratory Exposure to Platinum Group Metals: A Review and Recommendations

Occupational Respiratory Exposure to Platinum Group Metals: A Review and Recommendations

The influence of pH on the in vitro permeation of rhodium through human skin

Soforttypallergien auf Metallverbindungen: Platinsalze

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