Measurement, recording, and assessment of skinfold thickness in childhood and adolescence: report of a small meeting

Owen, George M.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/35.3.629

Cited by 57 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…17 The biceps, triceps, and subscapular skin folds were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm with a Harpenden skinfold caliper (John Bull, British Indicators Ltd, St Albans, Herts, United Kingdom). 23 Body mass index (BMI) was calculated [weight (kg) divided by height squared (m 2 )]. Finnish age-and gender-matched references were used to assess the relative BMI in SDS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Biochemical Markers of Growth in Children With Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. The pathophysiological mechanisms of growth impairment frequently associated with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children are poorly defined. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether nighttime upper airway obstruction attributable to adenotonsillar hypertrophy and subsequent surgical treatment affect the circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGFbinding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) along with other growth parameters in children.Patients and Methods. We initially studied 70 children (mean age: 5.8 years; range: 2.4 -10.5 years) admitted to a university hospital because of clinical symptoms of OSAS. Their sleep was monitored with a 6-channel computerized polygraph. Data on anthropometry and circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were generated and compared with corresponding characteristics in control children (N ‫؍‬ 35). Thirty children with an obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) of 1 or more were categorized as children with OSAS (mean OAHI: 5.4 [95% confidence interval for mean (CI): 3.8 -6.9]), whereas 40 children with an OAHI of <1 were considered as primary snorers (PS) (mean OAHI 0.13 [95% CI: 0.05-0.21]). Nineteen children with OAHI >2 underwent adenotonsillectomy attributable to OSAS and were reassessed 6 months later together with 34 nonoperated children with OAHI <2.Results. There were no initial differences in relative height and weight for height between the 3 groups of children. No differences were observed in peripheral IGF-I concentrations, but both OSAS and PS children had reduced peripheral IGFBP-3 levels. The operated children with initial OSAS experienced a highly significant reduction in their OAHI from 7.1 (95% CI: 5.1-9.1) to 0.37 (95% CI: 0.2-0.95). Weight-for-height, body mass index, body fat mass, and fat-free mass increased during the follow-up in the operated children with OSAS, whereas only fat-free mass and relative height increased in the PS children. Both the IGF-I and the IGFBP-3 concentrations increased significantly in the operated children, whereas no significant changes were seen in the PS children.Conclusions. These observations indicate that growth hormone secretion is impaired in children with OSAS and PS. Respiratory improvement after adenotonsillectomy in children with OSAS results in weight gain and restored growth hormone secretion. Pediatrics 2002;109(4). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/109/4/e55; snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, growth hormone, insulinlike growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3.ABBREVIATIONS. OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; GH, growth hormone; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; PS, primary snorer; EMG, electromyogram; OAHI, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea index; SDS, standard deviation score; BMI, body mass index; SWS, slow-wave sleep. S noring is relatively common in children, with the prevalence of regular snoring about 10% in preschool-aged subjects. 1-3 Obs...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Biochemical Markers of Growth in Children With Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

et al. 2002

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“…I $ easurements are often performed by large numbers of observers with less training and experience than their counterparts in previous field research, who often performed all measurements. For these reasons, a number of authors have called attention to the potential importance of measurement error in anthropometric variables (Martorell et al, 1975;Habicht et al, 1979;Hall et al, 1980;Branson et al, 1982;Owen, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of measurement variation in child anthropometry in the Malawi maternal and child nutrition study

Pelletier

Low

Msukwa

1991

American J Hum Biol

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An examination of intra- and inter-observer error in child anthropometry and variation between two skinfold calipers was conducted as part of a large prospective study of maternal and child nutrition in Malawi, Central Africa. Measurements include length, weight, head and arm circumferences, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, and estimated cross-sectional arm fat and arm muscle areas. Total observer error, expressed as a percentage of total variance in each trait, is ⩽3.2% for length, weight, and head circumference; 7% for arm circumference; 10% for arm fat area; and 16-20% for skinfolds and arm muscle area. When total observer error is divided into the two additive components studied, intraobserver error represents approximately 50% or more of total observer error for most traits. An exception is the subscapular skinfold for which intra-observer represents 38% of total observer error. Errors of this magnitude will cause an attenuation of approximately 10% in the correlation coefficients between anthropometric and other variables, and a loss of power in attempting to detect associations between anthropometric variables and either their determinants or outcomes. However, the effects of errors of this magnitude are minor compared to those encountered in studies correlating nutrient intake with other variables. This study also finds that the SlimGuide caliper systematically overestimates skinfolds at low readings and underestimates skinfolds at high readingss relative to the Lange caliper.

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“…In very obese individuals, the accurate measurement of skin fold thickness is not possible: however, the measurements occur in a range that largely exceeds the cut-off values used for screening, so screening performance is not af fected. In contrast to what is sometimes thought, skinfold thickness measurement errors are probably no greater in infants [97], As arm fat area is based on triceps skinfold thickness and mid-upper arm circumference, measure ment error is expected to be larger than for triceps skin fold thickness alone. Anthropometric prediction cqua-…”

Section: Validity Levelmentioning

confidence: 76%

Anthropometry and Body Composition in Children

Broeck

Wit

1997

Horm Res

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Changes in body fat, fat-free mass and extracellular water occur in many disorders, and during normal growth in children. Thus, body composition is an increasingly important measurement in paediatric clinical practice, and is used for diagnostic purposes, for decisions for treatment and for monitoring improvement. A number of different methods exist for determining body composition in children; however, their use is complicated by the absence of a gold standard and the lack of validity data in children both with and without growth disorders. In this report, validity and usefulness are compared among anthropometric methods and weighted against other techniques used in children. Recent recommendations of a number of expert committees are discussed.

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Measurement, recording, and assessment of skinfold thickness in childhood and adolescence: report of a small meeting

Cited by 57 publications

References 8 publications

Growth and Biochemical Markers of Growth in Children With Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Growth and Biochemical Markers of Growth in Children With Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Sources of measurement variation in child anthropometry in the Malawi maternal and child nutrition study

Anthropometry and Body Composition in Children

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