Measuring engagement elicited by eye contact in Human-Robot Interaction

Kompatsiari, Kyveli; Ciardo, Francesca; D, De Tommaso; Wykowska, Agnieszka

doi:10.31234/osf.io/87dn9

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Moreover, they also suggest that increased exposure to robots modulates implicit but not explicit attitudes. Such dissociation is in line with a series of studies by Kompatsiari and colleagues showing that implicit measures, such as reaction times and eye-fixations, are more sensitive to detect the effect of social cognition manipulation in robots' behavior instead of self-report measures [38,39]. Similar results have been shown by Ghiglino et al [40].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Effect of Individual Differences and Repetitive Interactions on Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Towards Robots

et al. 2020

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The exploitation of Social Assistive Robotics (SAR) will bring to the emergence of a new category of users, namely experts in clinical rehabilitation, who do not have a background in robotics. The aim of the present study was twofold. First, we were interested in addressing individual differences in the attitudes towards robots this new category of users. The second aim of the study was to investigate whether repetitive interactions with the robot during the SAR intervention would affect attitudes towards robots. To this end, we evaluated both explicit and implicit attitudes towards robots in a group of therapists rehabilitating children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The evaluation took place before they started a SAR intervention (T0), ongoing (T1), and at the end of it (T2). Explicit attitudes were evaluated using self-reported questionnaires, whereas implicit attitudes were operationalized as the perception of the robot as a social partner and implicit associations regarding the concept of "robot". Results showed that older ages and previous experience with robots were associated with more negative attitudes toward robots and less willingness to perceive the robot as a social agent. Explicit measures did not vary across time, whereas implicit measures were modulated by increased exposure to robots. Specifically, the more the clinicians were exposed to the robot the more the robot was considered a social partner similarly to the human player. Moreover, across time, users' memory association between the concept of a robot and mechanical attributes became weaker. In conclusion, our results suggest that individual differences towards robots in a group of SAR users play a crucial role in both explicit and implicit attitudes. Moreover, they also suggest that increased exposure to robots modulates implicit but not explicit attitudes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Effect of Individual Differences and Repetitive Interactions on Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Towards Robots

et al. 2020

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“…, 2009 ; Palanica and Itier, 2012 ; decreased peak velocity: Dalmaso et al. , 2017 ; longer fixations at iCub’s face during the eye contact compared to the no eye contact condition: Kompatsiari et al. , 2019b ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Kompatsiari and colleagues, using objective measures, showed that eye contact exhibited by iCub humanoid robot ( Metta et al. , 2010 ) elicited a higher degree of ‘attentional engagement’ ( Kompatsiari et al. , 2019b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye contact during joint attention with a humanoid robot modulates oscillatory brain activity

Kompatsiari

Bossi

Wykowska

2021

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Eye contact established by a human partner has been shown to affect various cognitive processes of the receiver. However, little is known about humans’ responses to eye contact established by a humanoid robot. Here, we aimed at examining humans’ oscillatory brain response to eye contact with a humanoid robot. Eye contact (or lack thereof) was embedded in a gaze-cueing task and preceded the phase of gaze-related attentional orienting. In addition to examining the effect of eye contact on the recipient, we also tested its impact on gaze-cueing effects (GCEs). Results showed that participants rated eye contact as more engaging and responded with higher desynchronization of alpha-band activity in left fronto-central and central electrode clusters when the robot established eye contact with them, compared to no eye contact condition. However, eye contact did not modulate GCEs. The results are interpreted in terms of the functional roles involved in alpha central rhythms (potentially interpretable also as mu rhythm), including joint attention and engagement in social interaction.

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“…This paradigm, by encompassing an online eye contact prior to the gaze shift, challenges classical findings of screen-based paradigms that showed an automatic gaze-cueing effect elicited by counterpredictive cues (Driver et al, 1999;Friesen & Kingstone, 1998). Moreover, a similar nonpredictive gazecueing study showed that participants not only engaged in joint attention (measured by the gaze-cueing effect) merely when the robot established eye contact before shifting the gaze, but they also fixated longer on iCub's face during eye contact than during no-eye-contact gaze (Kompatsiari, Ciardo, De Tommaso, & Wykowska, 2019a). These results advanced the knowledge related to the cognitive mechanisms affected by eye contact in joint attention research, by demonstrating that eye contact has a "freezing" effect on attentional focus, resulting in longer disengagement times and thus longer time to reallocate attention.…”

Section: Joint Attention Examined With Embodied Robots and Interactivmentioning

confidence: 71%

Examining joint attention with the use of humanoid robots-A new approach to study fundamental mechanisms of social cognition

et al. 2019

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This article reviews methods to investigate joint attention and highlights the benefits of new methodological approaches that make use of the most recent technological developments, such as humanoid robots for studying social cognition. After reviewing classical approaches that address joint attention mechanisms with the use of controlled screen-based stimuli, we describe recent accounts that have proposed the need for more natural and interactive experimental protocols. Although the recent approaches allow for more ecological validity, they often face the challenges of experimental control in more natural social interaction protocols. In this context, we propose that the use of humanoid robots in interactive protocols is a particularly promising avenue for targeting the mechanisms of joint attention. Using humanoid robots to interact with humans in naturalistic experimental setups has the advantage of both excellent experimental control and ecological validity. In clinical applications, it offers new techniques for both diagnosis and therapy, especially for children with autism spectrum disorder. The review concludes with indications for future research, in the domains of healthcare applications and human-robot interaction in general.

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Measuring engagement elicited by eye contact in Human-Robot Interaction

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

The Effect of Individual Differences and Repetitive Interactions on Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Towards Robots

The Effect of Individual Differences and Repetitive Interactions on Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Towards Robots

Eye contact during joint attention with a humanoid robot modulates oscillatory brain activity

Examining joint attention with the use of humanoid robots-A new approach to study fundamental mechanisms of social cognition

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