Mechanical Evaluation of the Skeletal Structure and Tissue of the Woodpecker and Its Shock Absorbing System

Oda, Juhachi; Sakamoto, Jiro; Sakano, Kenichi

doi:10.1299/jsmea.49.390

Cited by 52 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…They have long and hard beaks, small head, big eyeball, little cerebrospinal fluid and tight connection between brain and skull which keeps the brain stable during oscillation. 6 Hyoid bone is about four times the length of the beak, with its end fixed on the right nostril, bypasses the skull and stretches out from the mouth to reinforce the head. 9 The muscles and ligaments in woodpecker's head help attaching the hyoid to the mandible tightly when impact happens.…”

Section: A Geometrical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the former studies, 6,7 people used the material parameters of human being's bone as the bone structure of woodpecker's head. Recently, Wang et al 10 have measured the elastic modulus of the woodpecker's skull bone and beak using a compression method.…”

Section: B Materials Properties and The Fe Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oda et al 6 also dissected the head part structure of a woodpecker and made 3D stereo lithography head model three-times larger than the woodpecker head. They measured the strain in each part of the lithography head model and compared the experimental results with numerical ones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical study of the impact response of woodpecker's head

Zhu

Guo

et al. 2012

AIP Advances

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Woodpecker can beat trees 20-25 times per second and lasts for several seconds, with a 1200 g deceleration, but it appears that they never get brain concussion. How does the stress wave propagate from the beak tip to brain and how does a woodpecker protect itself from brain damage? In this paper, we establish a finite element model of typical woodpecker head based on its X-ray tomography images and conduct the numerical analysis of the impact response of the woodpecker's head by using a viscoelasticity material model. Especially, the woodpecker head response to an impact speed of 7 m/s is investigated to explore the stress concentration zone and how the stress wave propagates in its head. The numerical results show that the stress wave in the head propagates from the upper beak to back skull and is reduced by the specific structure of hyoid and viscoelasticity of biomaterials. The maximum stresses in skull and brain are both below the safe level. The stress in skull almost disappears before the next impact. The stress in brain lasts for a little longer but shows smaller value with little variation. The stress is impossible to accumulate in the limited pecking time, so the brain damage can be avoided

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Section: A Geometrical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Materials Properties and The Fe Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical study of the impact response of woodpecker's head

Zhu

Guo

et al. 2012

AIP Advances

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“…Where 1  and 2  are the thermal conductivity on the temperature of 1 t and 2 t , 0  is the specific gravity of oven-dried wood.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Easily Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It turns out to be that a lot of organisms are composed of amazing materials, which are beyond anything imaginable. The properties of their basic materials are not limited by conditions like temperature, pressure and elements, etc [2][3][4][5][6]. Paulownia wood is a special kind of wood material that grows quickly, which is light, soft, and is also excellent for repelling insects, controlling humidity, and for insulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardancy of paulownia wood and its mechanism

Oda

2007

J Mater Sci

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Paulownia wood (Pauloumia tomentosa) is a special kind of wood material in that it has especially excellent flame retardancy. Using this property, it has been commonly used to make clothing wardrobes for a long time in Japan. In this research, the flame retardancy of paulownia wood has been verified by heating experiments and cone calorimeter testing. The structure and tissue of the material have been analyzed by scanning electron microscope and other methods. Moreover, the mechanism of the flame retardancy of paulownia wood was analyzed by model experiments and FEM analysis. The result shows that the cell tissue of paulownia wood is very porous and similar to the structure of a honeycomb. It can be easily carbonized when heated. Since paulownia wood contains few lignins, it generates very little combustible gas when heated. Furthermore, when viewed from the radial section, the vessel structure of paulownia wood is very large and independent, compared to cedar wood (Cryptomeria japonica), which has a thin and continuous tracheids structure. Oxygen is not sufficiently supplied in this type of structure found in paulownia wood. Thus, it is difficult to ignite, and only carbonized when heated. Generally speaking, the thermal conductivity of the carbonization layer is lower than that of the wood material, which is the reason why wardrobes made of paulownia wood are able to protect kimonos from fire.To reviewer:Thank you very much for your patience and advice for my manuscript. I revised my paper as your suggestion.And to reviewer #1, in the line 9 of abstract, I don't think I need to change "radial" to "cross". 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 Abstract Paulownia wood (Pauloumia tomentosa) is a special kind of wood material in that it has especially excellent flame retardancy. Using this property, it has been commonly used to make clothing wardrobes for a long time in Japan. In this research, the flame retardancy of paulownia wood has been verified by heating experiments and cone calorimeter testing. The structure and tissue of the material have been analyzed by scanning electron microscope and other methods. Moreover, the mechanism of the flame retardancy of paulownia wood was analyzed by model experiments and FEM analysis. The result shows that the cell tissue of paulownia wood is very porous and similar to the structure of a honeycomb. It can be easily carbonized when heated. Since paulownia wood contains few lignins, it generates very little combustible gas when heated. Furthermore, when viewed from the radial section, the vessel structure of paulowni...

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A Natural Stress Deflector on the Head? Mechanical and Functional Evaluation of the Woodpecker Skull Bones

Jung

Pissarenko

Trikanad

et al. 2019

Advcd Theory and Sims

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The brain is one of the most important and complicated organs, but it is delicate and therefore needs to be protected from external forces. This makes the pecking behavior of the Woodpecker so impressive, as they are not known to sustain any brain injury due to their anatomical adaptations (a specialized beak, skull bone, and hyoid bone). However, the relationship between the morphology of the woodpecker head and its mechanical function against damage from daily pecking habits remain an open question. Aided by recent technical advancements, these questions can be explored by applying new materials science concepts of bioinspiration and This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.3 bioexploration to identify adapted structures/materials in a design that results from millions years of evolution. Two main features, including the beam-like bar structure of the jugal bone acting as a main stress deflector and the high natural frequency of the skull bone of woodpeckers can teach two lessons for potential materials development as well as engineering applications: protection of a delicate internal organ occurs by redirection of the main stress pathway and a large mismatch of the natural frequencies between the skull and brain avoids resonance and reduces the overall load experienced by the brain.

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Mechanical Evaluation of the Skeletal Structure and Tissue of the Woodpecker and Its Shock Absorbing System

Cited by 52 publications

References 2 publications

Numerical study of the impact response of woodpecker's head

Numerical study of the impact response of woodpecker's head

Flame retardancy of paulownia wood and its mechanism

A Natural Stress Deflector on the Head? Mechanical and Functional Evaluation of the Woodpecker Skull Bones

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