Mechanical performance of heat/fire damaged novel flame retardant glass-reinforced epoxy composites

Kandola, Baljinder K.; Horrocks, A. Richard; Myler, Peter; Blair, Dana

doi:10.1016/s1359-835x(03)00156-8

Cited by 71 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The details of interaction of both Visil and Kynol with melamine phosphate are discussed elsewhere. 9,10,14,16 As can be seen from Figure 1(a), the Kynol and melamine phosphate mixture shows evidence of greater interaction than Visil-melamine phosphate in the 470 -680°C temperature range. However, above 700°C, the Visil-intumescent system is more stable than Kynol-intumescent.…”

Section: Thermal Analysis Of Component Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…All the tests were performed with the retainer frame in place as recommended in ISO 5660-1, which helped in reducing edge effects and composite delamination. Because these samples do not intumesce in a conventional way and the intumescent chemicals react with the FR fiber (Visil) and resin to form a char-bonded structure, 9,10 no extra surface grid to stabilize the samples was required.…”

Section: Limiting Oxygen Index (Loi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 As for the present work, in some samples [(v), (vi), and (ix)] Visil fiber was replaced by another high performance Kynol fiber. Thermal analytical studies of all the combinations with Kynol were carried out and here results are compared with the combinations containing Visil fiber.…”

Section: Thermal Analysis Of Component Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 When studied by thermal analytical techniques, it has been observed that the introduction of an intumescent/flame-retardant cellulosic fiber (Visil, Sateri) to these resins results in physical and chemical interactions of three components leading to enhanced char formation. 9,10 The results indicated that laminates produced from these components should have superior flame-retardant properties. The intumescent/FR fiber combinations may be introduced either as a pulverized additive to the resin or as an additional textile fabric layer to the composite structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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New developments in flame retardancy of glass‐reinforced epoxy composites

Kandola

Horrocks

Myler

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This work involves the development of novel glass fiber-reinforced composite materials containing a commercially available epoxy resin, a phosphate-based intumescent, and inherently flame-retardant cellulosic (Visil, Sateri) and phenol-formaldehyde (Kynol) fibers. The intumescent and flame-retardant fiber components were added both as additives in pulverized form and fiber interdispersed with the intumescent as a fabric scrim for partial replacement of glass fiber. Thermal stability, char formation, and flammability properties of these novel structures were studied by thermal analysis, limiting oxygen index, and cone calorimetry. The results are discussed in terms of effect of individual additive component on thermal degradation/ burning behavior of neat resin.

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Section: Thermal Analysis Of Component Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Limiting Oxygen Index (Loi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Analysis Of Component Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 2 more Smart Citations

New developments in flame retardancy of glass‐reinforced epoxy composites

Kandola

Horrocks

Myler

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In the newest large commercial airliners the fuselage, the wings and the empennage are also made of carbon fibre reinforced composites. In case of fire, the health risk is not the only danger; also the decrease of mechanical properties can be significant [3]- [5]. Due to environmental reasons, the use of halogencontaining flame retardants needs to be decreased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Szolnoki

Toldy

Konrád

et al. 2013

Per. Pol. Chem. Eng.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of phosphorus-based additive and reactive flame retardants (FR) on the flammability and mechanical properties of a pentaerythritol-based model epoxy resin system cured with a cycloaliphatic diamine hardener. Commercially available ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as additive and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide IntroductionEpoxy resins are extensively used in various industrial application fields as, for example, adhesives, surface coatings, laminates and matrix materials. Despite their exceptional characteristics like prominent adhesion to many substrates; moisture, solvent and chemical resistance; low shrinkage on cure; outstanding mechanical and electronic resistant properties, their flammability can still limit their application. The heat exchange during polymerization is also influences the potential fields of application [1]. The use of structural units made of composites of high mechanical loading capability, being suitable for replacing metallic structures, is rapidly increasing in the aircraft industry [2]. In the newest large commercial airliners the fuselage, the wings and the empennage are also made of carbon fibre reinforced composites. In case of fire, the health risk is not the only danger; also the decrease of mechanical properties can be significant [3]- [5]. Due to environmental reasons, the use of halogencontaining flame retardants needs to be decreased. Their most promising substitutes are the phosphorus-containing flame retardants owing to their extremely wide and versatile range, since the P element exists in various oxidation states [6]- [9]. The fire retarded epoxy resins with conventional additives are usually of poorer physical/mechanical properties than the unmodified ones; therefore the use of reactive comonomers is preferred in many cases. A great advantage of the reactive flame retardants is that they are chemically bound to the matrix, so their release to the environment is blocked, thus we can avoid the formation of FR-containing wastewaters [10]. However, incorporating them into the polymer structure several properties of the material generally decrease. The greatest challenge for the current research works is to create a composite system with optimal balance of mechanical performance and flame retardancy.Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), an additive-type flame retardant, with high phosphorus (31-32 wt%) and nitrogen (14-15 wt%) content, is extensively used in thermoplastic polymers, such as polypropylene [11, 12], ethylene-vinyl-acetate [13], polyurea [14], polylactide [15], etc. The literature deals with the application of APP in aromatic epoxy resins, mainly in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), however

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Flammability of Polymer Composites

Bellucci

Camino

2012

Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites

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The most pressing requirements in the present and future predictable scenarios for materials and technologies, concern energy saving, natural resources preservation, and minimization of environmental impact. Composite polymer materials can play a major role in energy saving in the transport sector which is of primary strategic importance for industrial, commercial, and leisure activities. However, one of the main concerns in using polymer composites is their flammability. In order to harvest all the remarkable economic and environmental savings connected with the use of the advanced polymer composites already available or under development, the flammability issue has to be addressed properly. Flame retardants are intended to slow down or to stop the polymer combustion process. This article intends to give a wide overview of polymer flammability, from the fire‐retardant action to the latest strategies developed to meet the fire regulation requirements.

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Mechanical performance of heat/fire damaged novel flame retardant glass-reinforced epoxy composites

Cited by 71 publications

References 11 publications

New developments in flame retardancy of glass‐reinforced epoxy composites

New developments in flame retardancy of glass‐reinforced epoxy composites

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Flammability of Polymer Composites

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