Mechanical properties of leaf sheath date palm fibre waste biomass reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites

Dhakal, Hom Nath; Bourmaud, Alain; Berzin, Françoise; Almansour, F. A.; Zhang, Zhongyi; Shah, Darshil U.; Beaugrand, Johnny

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.044

Cited by 79 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…The AA/epoxy composites presented relatively better bonding, less fiber pull-out, fiber breakage, and delamination, compared to the A/epoxy, G/epoxy, and L/epoxy composites. Similar SEM images were observed for date palm sheath fiber-reinforced polycaprolactone biopolymer composites fabricated by the extrusion process [31]. The higher strength of the AA/epoxy composites can be explained by the perfect wettability of the AA surface in the epoxy matrix, compared to the other composites.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers

et al. 2019

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The present study deals with the fabrication of epoxy composites reinforced with 50 wt% of date palm leaf sheath (G), palm tree trunk (L), fruit bunch stalk (AA), and leaf stalk (A) as filler by the hand lay-up technique. The developed composites were characterized and compared in terms of mechanical, physical and morphological properties. Mechanical tests revealed that the addition of AA improves tensile (20.60–40.12 MPa), impact strength (45.71–99.45 J/m), flexural strength (32.11–110.16 MPa) and density (1.13–1.90 g/cm3). The water absorption and thickness swelling values observed in this study were higher for AA/epoxy composite, revealing its higher cellulosic content, compared to the other composite materials. The examination of fiber pull-out, matrix cracks, and fiber dislocations in the microstructure and fractured surface morphology of the developed materials confirmed the trends for mechanical properties. Overall, from results analysis it can be concluded that reinforcing epoxy matrix with AA filler effectively improves the properties of the developed composite materials. Thus, date palm fruit bunch stalk filler might be considered as a sustainable and green promising reinforcing material similarly to other natural fibers and can be used for diverse commercial, structural, and nonstructural applications requiring high mechanical resistance.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers

et al. 2019

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“…Dhakal et al [37] investigated the damage mechanisms after impact testing for palm/PCL composites and they reported that, even after testing, the morphology of the date palm bundles remained unaltered. This is due to the high content in lignin and the homogeneity of the middle lamella (Figure 2f) that strongly links the single palm fibers together, more than in other plant fibers, despite a soft middle lamella ( Figure 6 & Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous papers, a protocol to study the mechanical properties of plant cells with the AFM PF-QNM method was already tested and the results were validated [36][37][38][39]. In the present work, AFM PF-QNM was used to investigate the area of the middle lamellae at the cell-wall level and to obtain information on their indentation modulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy

et al. 2020

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Today, plant fibers are considered as an important new renewable resource that can compete with some synthetic fibers, such as glass, in fiber-reinforced composites. In previous works, it was noted that the pectin-enriched middle lamella (ML) is a weak point in the fiber bundles for plant fiber-reinforced composites. ML is strongly bonded to the primary walls of the cells to form a complex layer called the compound middle lamella (CML). In a composite, cracks preferentially propagate along and through this layer when a mechanical loading is applied. In this work, middle lamellae of several plant fibers of different origin (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, nettle, and date palm leaf sheath), among the most used for composite reinforcement, are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The peak-force quantitative nanomechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) mode is used in order to estimate the indentation modulus of this layer. AFM PF-QNM confirmed its potential and suitability to mechanically characterize and compare the stiffness of small areas at the micro and nanoscale level, such as plant cell walls and middle lamellae. Our results suggest that the mean indentation modulus of ML is in the range from 6 GPa (date palm leaf sheath) to 16 GPa (hemp), depending on the plant considered. Moreover, local cell-wall layer architectures were finely evidenced and described.Molecules 2020, 25, 632 2 of 17 be found in Wambua et al. [8]. The authors studied several poly-(propylene) composites reinforced with different plant fibers (sisal, kenaf, jute, hemp, and coir), and their results showed that coir fibers, extracted from seeds, have lower longitudinal mechanical properties than the others but, on the other hand, they exhibit a higher impact strength, which was also confirmed in Reference [9]. This result follows the functional evolution of the different kinds of cells in a plant; for example, bast fibers are responsible for the stiff structure of a plant and this specific role also explains their high mechanical performance.Every bast fiber has a similar (ultra)structural model even if they originate from different plants. An elementary fiber is a single cell, and several fibers are linked to each other to form a bundle of several dozens of single fibers having a multilayer structure, as illustrated in Figure 1a: (1) the lumen is the central hollow part of the cell and its shape and diameter vary with the maturity of the plant and the environmental conditions during growth; (2) the secondary cell wall is the thickest layer, divided into two to three sub-layers (S 1 , S 2 or G, and S 3 ) rich in cellulose where the thinner and not always visible S 3 can also be assimilated to unmatured Gn layer instead of a real S 3 [10]; (3) the primary cell wall is the external layer enriched in hemicelluloses, pectins, and lignin [11]. Between the fibers, there is another layer called middle lamella (ML), which cements the primary cell walls of adjacent cells together and is mainly composed of pectic polysaccharides, lignin, and a small amou...

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“…The addition of wheat straw resulted in improved tensile and flexural moduli as well as flexural strength; however, the tensile and impact strengths as well as the elongation at break were reduced. In a more recent study, Dhakal et al [29] utilized date palm fibers to reinforce PCL using an extrusion process. The results showed improved mechanical properties, with a slight effect of extruder screw rotational speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-State Compounding for Recycling of Sawdust Waste into Green Packaging Composites

Allaf

Futian

2020

Processes

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The present study explores solid-state cryomilling for the compounding of green composites. Herein, wood plastic composites (WPCs) composed of sawdust (SD) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with various compositions were prepared. Two compounding techniques, namely, extrusion and cryomilling, were utilized to prepare WPC raw material pellets and powders, respectively, for comparison purposes. Flat pressing was further utilized to prepare WPC films for testing. Morphological, structural, thermal, mechanical, and surface wettability properties were investigated. Results indicate the advantages of cryomilling in producing WPCs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with optical micrographs revealed well ground SD particles and uniform distribution in the PCL matrix. Tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites declined with increasing SD content, however, the modulus of elasticity significantly increased. Water contact angles averaged less than 90°, implying partial wetting. Visual observations and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated thermal stability of composites during processing. In conclusion, PCL/SD WPC is a potential candidate to replace conventional plastics for packaging applications. This would also provide a much better utilization of the currently undervalued wood waste resources.

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Mechanical properties of leaf sheath date palm fibre waste biomass reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites

Cited by 79 publications

References 30 publications

Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers

Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers

The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy

Solid-State Compounding for Recycling of Sawdust Waste into Green Packaging Composites

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