Mechanical testing and microstructural analysis of wire arc additively manufactured steels

Huang, Cheng; Kyvelou, Pinelopi; Zhang, Ruizhi; Britton, T. Ben; Gardner, Leroy

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110544

Cited by 91 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In this work, these differences were not found. Only the elongation was minimally affected by the directionality, being higher in the horizontal direction, which corresponds to that reported by Reference [ 19 ]. The presence of a mechanical result independent of the direction of specimen extraction had already been reported in a recent comprehensive study on mechanical properties by Huang et al [ 20 ] wherein the influence of specimen direction, specimen preparation and deposition strategy was studied.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In some works from the literature, it is reported that the extraction direction of the specimen has an influence on the mechanical properties. For example, Sun et al [ 19 ] report differences of 10% and 4% in YS and UTS, respectively, and up to 21% in elongation at fracture, assuming that this is related to the density of interfaces between beads, being higher in the vertical test direction. In this work, these differences were not found.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Uralde

Suárez²,

Aldalur³

et al. 2022

Materials

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Direct energy deposition is gaining much visibility in research as one of the most adaptable additive manufacturing technologies for industry due to its ease of application and high deposition rates. The possibility of combining these materials to obtain parts with variable mechanical properties is an important task to be studied. The combination of two types of steel, mild steel ER70-6 and stainless steel SS 316L, for the fabrication of a wall by direct energy deposition was studied for this paper. The separate fabrication of these two materials was studied for the microstructurally flawless fabrication of bimetallic walls. As a result of the application of superimposed and overlapped strategies, two walls were fabricated and the microstructure, mechanical properties and hardness of the resulting walls are analyzed. The walls obtained with both strategies present dissimilar regions; the hardness where the most present material is ER70-6 is around 380 HV, and for SS 316L, it is around 180 HV. The average values of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) are 869 and 628 MPa, yield strength (YS) are 584 and 389 MPa and elongation at break are 20% and 36%, respectively, in the cases where we have more ER70-6 in the sample than SS 316L. This indicates an important relationship between the distribution of the materials and their mechanical behavior.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Uralde

Suárez²,

Aldalur³

et al. 2022

Materials

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show abstract

“…The material anisotropy was found to be rather mild, with the variations in the Young's modulus, yield and ultimate tensile strengths due to material anisotropy all being within 10%. The strength of the thicker material was found to be consistently lower than the strength of the thinner material, with differences of up to 23% and 17% for the yield and ultimate tensile strengths, respectively; this is attributed to the slower cooling rate of the thicker material [44].…”

Section: Materials Testsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Structural Response of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steel Bolted Connections under Single Shear

Guo

Kyvelou

et al. 2022

ce papers

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An experimental investigation into the structural performance of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) steel single-lap shear bolted connections is presented in this paper. Sixty specimens of different thicknesses, printing strategies and geometric features, including end distances and plate widths, were manufactured using steel wire of a nominal yield strength of 420 MPa and subjected to single shear lap tests. The test results are analysed while the observed failure modes, featuring shear-out, net section tension fracture, end-splitting, localised tearing and curl-bearing failure, are discussed. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used for detailed monitoring and visualisation of the surface strain fields that developed during testing, providing valuable insight into the developed failure mechanisms. The experimental results, which generally followed the anticipated trends, were used to assess the applicability of current design specifications developed for conventional steel bolted connections to WAAM steel bolted connections. It was found that both the cold-formed steel specifications (AISI S100 and AS/NZS 4600) and the structural steel specifications (AISC 360 and EN 1993-1) yield considerable overestimations or underestimations of the test capacities, depending on the specimen geometry. Further research is underway to underpin the development of improved design provisions.

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“…In [13] comparison between GMAW and CMTAW was performed for machined coupons extracted from a machined tube and it was concluded that CMT process provides finer grain size and that there is a difference between the specimens extracted from the top and from the bottom of the printed tube. In [14] different building sequences were applied, in addition to different wall thicknesses and wire materials. A common conclusion was that there is not a noticeable anisotropy in the behavior for carbon steel WAAM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another group of studies was performed on carbon steel material ER70S-6 [7], [8], [13], [14]. They covered similar parameters as the equivalent studies for stainless steel mentioned above.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Properties for Wire‐and‐arc Additively Manufactured Steel

Tankova¹,

Zhu²,

Branco³

2022

ce papers

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In the era of internet and robots, sophisticated devices and real‐time simulation, the construction sector remains highly dependent on manual labor which is also the main source of delays, lack of quality, and human injuries. The rapid development in technological areas such as mechatronics, computers, sensors, programming, human interfaces, and artificial intelligence offers huge potential for modern applications. Nowadays, additive manufacturing is rapidly growing, and it could provide efficient solutions for steel construction since it can be executed in any shape and scale. There are a few solutions in additive manufacturing technologies, which can process materials and produce components. However, there is a gap in the market for capacity to link the processed material conditions and characteristics to the production parameters in real‐time. Real‐time and cognitive re‐planning of the process parameters becomes significantly important when components with large‐scale and complex shapes are considered. In steel construction, material should comply with strict requirements in terms of its strength and ductility. Hence, it is necessary to characterize the material properties before their application in construction. This paper presents material characterization for WAAM fabricated steel coupons, considering different directions with respect to the deposition direction.

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Mechanical testing and microstructural analysis of wire arc additively manufactured steels

Cited by 91 publications

References 39 publications

Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Wall Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Combining Mild Steel (ER70) and Stainless Steel (SS 316L): Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Structural Response of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steel Bolted Connections under Single Shear

Material Properties for Wire‐and‐arc Additively Manufactured Steel

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