Mechanically robust nitrogen-rich plasma polymers: Biofunctional interfaces for surface engineering of biomedical implants

Sharifahmadian, Omid; Zhai, Chongpu; Hung, Juichien; Shineh, Ghazal; Stewart, C. N.; Fadzil, Arifah A.; Ionescu, Mihail; Gan, Yixiang; Wise, Steven G.; Akhavan, Behnam

doi:10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100188

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…To further explore the effect of acetylene delay on the carbon composition of the particles, we curve-fitted the C 1s high-resolution spectra obtained for particles produced using simultaneous and delayed protocols, as shown in Figure c. Three peaks associated with C–C/C–H at a binding energy (BE) ≅ 284.6 eV and C–O/C–N at a BE ≅ 286.5 eV, and CO/N–CO at a BE ≅ 288.0 eV were fitted in the C 1s high-resolution spectra. , In addition, we calculated the area percentage of the C 1s compounds plotted in Figure d. As observed, the C 1s area percentage corresponding to each of the carbon bonds has not exhibited any shifts with the change in the PPN synthesis strategy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma polymerization of nanoparticles was conducted inside a custom-built cylindrical stainless steel chamber that was previously designed and used for the deposition of plasma-activated coatings. ,, The top electrode was powered at 100 W by a radio frequency (RF) (13.56 MHz) ENI generator (OEM-6AM-1) and a matching network (RFPP AM-5) (Figure ). A commercial polystyrene 24 well cell culture plate was placed on a substrate holder located 10 cm below the RF electrode to collect PPNs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three peaks associated with C−C/C−H at a binding energy (BE) ≅ 284.6 eV and C−O/C−N at a BE ≅ 286.5 eV, and C�O/N−C�O at a BE ≅ 288.0 eV were fitted in the C 1s high-resolution spectra. 42,65 In addition, we calculated the area percentage of the C 1s compounds plotted in Figure 6d. As observed, the C 1s area percentage corresponding to each of the carbon bonds has not exhibited any shifts with the change in the PPN synthesis strategy.…”

Section: Surface Chemistry and ζmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface-Active Plasma-Polymerized Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Diagnostic, Targeting, and Therapeutic Probes

Haidar

Baldry

Fraser

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Surface-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles have advanced the field of nanomedicine as promising constructs for targeted delivery of molecular cargo as well as diagnostics and therapeutics. Conventionally, the functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles incorporates tedious wet chemical methods that require complex, multistep protocols. Surface-active plasma-polymerized nanoparticles (PPNs) produced by a dry, low-pressure plasma process can be easily functionalized with multiple ligands in a simple step. However, plasma polymerization remains limited by the challenge of efficient collection of PPNs from low-pressure plasma reactors. Here, we demonstrate a simple method to overcome this limitation by delaying the inflow of the polymer-forming precursor gas, acetylene, into a nitrogen and argon plasma discharge. We provide evidence that this cutting-edge development in the plasma polymerization method drastically enhances the collection yield of nanoparticles by 2.5-fold, compared to the simultaneous inflow of the gases. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations support our experimental data and provide insights into the role of pressure gradients in regulating the forces controlling the collection of the particles. Surface characterization data revealed that changing the sequence of the precursor gas inflow had no significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles, as critically important for theranostic applications. A model, green fluorescent protein, was successfully conjugated to the surface of the PPNs via a reagent-free, one-step incubation process that immobilized the biomolecule while retaining its biological activity. Cytotoxicity of the particles was assessed by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay at concentrations of up to 5 × 105 nanoparticles per cell. Despite their high concentrations, the nanoparticles were remarkably well tolerated by the cells, demonstrating their superb potential for in vivo cellular uptake. This study advances previous research on plasma-polymerized nanoparticles, introducing a low-waste synthesis method that achieves higher yields. This sustainable technology has important implications for the production of multifunctional nanoparticles for drug delivery, tumor targeting, and medical imaging.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surface Chemistry and ζmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Surface-Active Plasma-Polymerized Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Diagnostic, Targeting, and Therapeutic Probes

Haidar

Baldry

Fraser

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

Self Cite

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“…Numerous techniques, including ion implantation [ 83 ], oxidation [ 109 ], ion-beam assisted deposition [ 110 ], dip coating [ 111 ], plasma spraying [ 112 , 113 ], electroplating [ 114 ], magnetron sputtering [ 105 , [115] , [116] , [117] , [118] , [119] ], ion-assisted plasma polymerization [ [120] , [121] , [122] , [123] , [124] ] and plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) [ [125] , [126] , [127] , [128] , [129] ] have been established to fabricate implant coatings and bioactive interfaces. In particular, a large body of works has been devoted to create contact killing surfaces that contain bactericidal agents such as F [ 130 ], Cu [ 83 , 131 ], Ag [ 108 , 109 , 132 ] and Zn [ 133 ].…”

Section: Strategies To Combat Biofilm Formation In Implantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Ti–Cu implants: A critical review on mechanisms of action

Mahmoudi¹,

Akbarpour²,

Lakeh³

et al. 2022

Materials Today Bio

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“…PAC treatment was performed in a separate plasma system using capacitively coupled RF power at 13.56 MHz (Eni OEM-6) and a negative pulsed bias generated by a RUP6 pulse generator (GBS Elektronik GmbH, Dresden, Germany). 39 Microplates with aluminum foil were positioned on a stainless-steel sample holder connected to RUP6, and the chamber was evacuated to less than 5 × 10 −5 Torr. Prior to the plasma coating, microplates were activated with argon ions to facilitate coating adhesion for 2 min at an RF power of 75 W and an applied bias of 500 V. The pressure of argon inside the chamber was maintained around 7080 mTorr.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Activation of Microplates Optimized for One-Step Reagent-Free Immobilization of DNA and Protein

et al. 2022

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Activated microplates are widely used in biological assays and cell culture to immobilize biomolecules, either through passive physical adsorption or covalent cross-linking. Covalent attachment gives greater stability in complex biological mixtures. However, current multistep chemical activation methods add complexity and cost, require specific functional groups, and can introduce cytotoxic chemicals that affect downstream cellular applications. Here, we show a method for one-step linker-free activation of microplates by energetic ions from plasma for covalent immobilization of DNA and protein. Two types of energetic ion plasma treatment were shown to be effective: plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) and plasma-activated coating (PAC). This is the first time that PIII and PAC have been reported in microwell plates with nonflat geometry. We confirm that the plasma treatment generates radical-activated surfaces at the bottom of wells despite potential shadowing from the walls. Comprehensive surface characterization studies were used to compare the PIII and PAC microplate surface composition, wettability, radical density, optical properties, stability, and biomolecule immobilization density. PAC plates were found to have more nitrogen and lower radical density and were more hydrophobic and more stable over 3 months than PIII plates. Optimal conditions were obtained for high-density DNA (PAC, 0 or 21% nitrogen, pH 3−4) and streptavidin (PAC, 21% nitrogen, pH 5−7) binding while retaining optical properties required for typical high-throughput biochemical microplate assays, such as low autofluorescence and high transparency. DNA hybridization and protein activity of immobilized molecules were confirmed. We show that PAC activation allows for high-density covalent immobilization of functional DNA and protein in a single step on both 96-and 384-well plates without specific linker chemistry. These microplates could be used in the future to bind other user-selected ligands in a wide range of applications, for example, for solid phase polymerase chain reaction and stem cell culture and differentiation.

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Mechanically robust nitrogen-rich plasma polymers: Biofunctional interfaces for surface engineering of biomedical implants

Cited by 17 publications

References 74 publications

Surface-Active Plasma-Polymerized Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Diagnostic, Targeting, and Therapeutic Probes

Surface-Active Plasma-Polymerized Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Diagnostic, Targeting, and Therapeutic Probes

Antibacterial Ti–Cu implants: A critical review on mechanisms of action

Plasma Activation of Microplates Optimized for One-Step Reagent-Free Immobilization of DNA and Protein

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