Mechanisms controlling export production at the LGM: Effects of changes in oceanic physical fields and atmospheric dust deposition

Abstract

[1] Using a biogeochemical ocean model that includes the iron cycle, we carry out preindustrial (control, CTL) and glacial (Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) climate simulations focusing on changes in export production (EP). The model successfully reproduces general trends of a paleoclimate reconstruction of EP at the LGM except over the Atlantic Ocean. By conducting a series of sensitivity simulations, we investigate the mechanism controlling EP at the LGM in each basin. In the Southern Ocean, the model successfully reproduces the dipole pattern of the paleoreconstruction: the higher-latitude decrease and lower-latitude increase of EP. It is found that the lower-latitude increase of EP comes from iron fertilization effects by enhanced dust deposition, while the higher-latitude decrease of EP is caused by the reduction of surface shortwave due to spreading of sea ice there. We also find that increased dust input in other basins remotely affects EP in the Southern Ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, the model suggests that iron fertilization effects are dominant in open ocean regions. In the Atlantic Ocean, the model simulates overall reduction of EP, whereas the paleoreconstruction suggests the increase in some regions. We propose that the Atlantic response is strongly affected by distribution of iron limitation in a control climate. In our CTL simulation, the biological production is limited not by iron but by phosphate in the Atlantic Ocean, which leads to the decrease of EP in spite of the significant increase of dust deposition there. It is implied that the accurate evaluation of iron limitation in the present ocean is critical for evaluating changes in EP and associated reduction of atmospheric CO 2 concentration at the LGM.

Quantifying the ocean's role in glacial CO<sub>2</sub> reductions

“…We used an ocean biogeochemical model with an offline tracer advection scheme (Oka et al, 2008(Oka et al, , 2011. A homogenized box atmosphere is coupled to a three-dimensional ocean biogeochemical model.…”

Burial-nutrient feedbacks amplify the sensitivity of atmospheric carbon dioxide to changes in organic matter remineralisation

“…These include ocean circulation and stratification changes (Siegenthaler and Wenk, 1984;Watson and Garabato, 2006;Bouttes et al, 2010;Völker and Köhler, 2013), continental weathering (Munhoven, 2002), volcanism (Huybers and Langmuir, 2009;Roth and Joos, 2012), changes in the ocean's biological pump, e.g. by changes in its strength as modulated by the availability of micro-and macro-nutrients Tschumi et al, 2011;Oka et al, 2011), or changes in the export rain ratio Tschumi et al, 2011).…”

Responses of Basal Melting of Antarctic Ice Shelves to the Climatic Forcing of the Last Glacial Maximum and CO2 Doubling

“…The MIROC 3.2 contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3, which was extensively cited in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. The coefficient of the isopycnal layer thickness diffusivity was 7:0 3 10 26 cm 2 s 21 instead of the value of 3:0 3 10 26 cm 2 s 21 used in the original MIROC 3.2 (Oka et al 2011;Chikamoto et al 2012). The resolution of the atmospheric component was T42 (about 2.88 3 2.88) with 20 vertical levels, and that of the ocean component was about 1.48 3 18 with 43 vertical levels.…”