“…The gustatory mode of functioning of DEET was also observed when fruit flies devoid of labellum exhibited a decreased avoidance of this repellent. Further in-depth molecular analysis revealed that, in addition to Gr32a, Gr33a, and Gr66a, Gr89a is also involved in DEET repugnancy [238]. To conclude, these findings suggest that the functioning of DEET involves the activation of bitter-sensing GRNs.…”
Section: Gustation-based Repugnancy-how Repellents Target the Gustato...mentioning
From a unicellular bacterium to a more complex human, smell and taste form an integral part of the basic sensory system. In fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, the behavioral responses to odorants and tastants are simple, though quite sensitive, and robust. They explain the organization and elementary functioning of the chemosensory system. Molecular and functional analyses of the receptors and other critical molecules involved in olfaction and gustation are not yet completely understood. Hence, a better understanding of chemosensory cue-dependent fruit flies, playing a major role in deciphering the host-seeking behavior of pathogen transmitting insect vectors (mosquitoes, sandflies, ticks) and crop pests (Drosophila suzukii, Queensland fruit fly), is needed. Using D. melanogaster as a model organism, the knowledge gained may be implemented to design new means of controlling insects as well as in analyzing current batches of insect and pest repellents. In this review, the complete mechanisms of olfactory and gustatory perception, along with their implementation in controlling the global threat of disease-transmitting insect vectors and crop-damaging pests, are explained in fruit flies.
“…The gustatory mode of functioning of DEET was also observed when fruit flies devoid of labellum exhibited a decreased avoidance of this repellent. Further in-depth molecular analysis revealed that, in addition to Gr32a, Gr33a, and Gr66a, Gr89a is also involved in DEET repugnancy [238]. To conclude, these findings suggest that the functioning of DEET involves the activation of bitter-sensing GRNs.…”
Section: Gustation-based Repugnancy-how Repellents Target the Gustato...mentioning
From a unicellular bacterium to a more complex human, smell and taste form an integral part of the basic sensory system. In fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, the behavioral responses to odorants and tastants are simple, though quite sensitive, and robust. They explain the organization and elementary functioning of the chemosensory system. Molecular and functional analyses of the receptors and other critical molecules involved in olfaction and gustation are not yet completely understood. Hence, a better understanding of chemosensory cue-dependent fruit flies, playing a major role in deciphering the host-seeking behavior of pathogen transmitting insect vectors (mosquitoes, sandflies, ticks) and crop pests (Drosophila suzukii, Queensland fruit fly), is needed. Using D. melanogaster as a model organism, the knowledge gained may be implemented to design new means of controlling insects as well as in analyzing current batches of insect and pest repellents. In this review, the complete mechanisms of olfactory and gustatory perception, along with their implementation in controlling the global threat of disease-transmitting insect vectors and crop-damaging pests, are explained in fruit flies.
“…36 Relatively weak responses with 10 mM sucrose are suppressed by DEET via Obp49a, whereas 100 mM sucrose responses are not suppressed. 36 To determine whether IR3535 can inhibit sugar responses, we conducted tip recordings from L-type sensilla (Figure 4). First, the neuronal responses were measured after a 10 mM sucrose stimulus, and the neurons exhibited 13 ± 1.28 spikes s −1 (Figure 4A,B).…”
BACKGROUND: IR3535 is among the most widely used synthetic insect repellents, particularly for the mitigation of mosquitoborne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue and Zika, as well as to control flies, ticks, fleas, lice and mites. These insects are well-known vectors of deadly diseases that affect humans, livestock and crops. Moreover, global warming could increase the populations of these vectors.RESULTS: Here, we performed IR3535 dose-response analyses on Drosophila melanogaster, a well-known insect model organism, using electrophysiology and binary food choice assays. Our findings indicated that bitter-sensing gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) are indispensable to detect IR3535. Further, potential candidate gustatory receptors were screened, among which GR47a was identified as a key molecular sensor. IR3535 concentrations in the range 0.1-0.4% affected larval development and mortality. In addition, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET, another commonly used insecticide) was found to exert synergistic effects when co-administered with IR3535. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirmed that IR3535 directly activates bitter-sensing GRNs, which are mediated by GR47a. This relatively safe and highly potent insecticide can be largely used in combination with DEET to increase its efficiency to protect livestock and crops. Collectively, our findings suggest that the molecular sensors elucidated herein could be used as targets for the development of alternative insecticides.
“…, 2022). Complete preference is indicated by P.I values of 1.0 and -1.0 while a P.I value of 0 indicates the absence of a bias between the two food choices ( Aryal et al., 2022 ; Dhakal et al., 2021 ; Shrestha and Lee, 2021b ; Shrestha et al., 2022 ). Figure 1 Binary food choice assay (A) Photograph of 72-well microtiter plate containing red dye and blue dye mixed food for a binary food choice assay.…”
Section: Before You Beginmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While attractive compounds activate sweet- and water-sensing GRNs. Furthermore, most aversive compounds inhibit sugar-sensing GRNs ( Chu et al., 2014 ; French et al., 2015 ; Jeong et al., 2013 ; Lee et al., 2010 , 2012 ; Meunier et al., 2003 ; Shrestha and Lee, 2021b ). To overcome this sugar inhibition, a 5-fold higher concentration of sucrose is recommended for assays with aversive chemicals, based on our experience.…”
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