Mechanistic Study of Magnesium–Sulfur Batteries

Robba, Ana; Vižintin, Alen; Bitenc, Jan; Mali, Gregor; Arčon, Iztok; Kavčič, M.; Žitnik, M.; Bučar, K.; Aquilanti, Giuliana; Martineau‐Corcos, Charlotte; Randon‐Vitanova, Anna; Dominko, Robert

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03956

Cited by 109 publications

(154 citation statements)

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“…and testing conditions (e.g., rate and voltage) ( Figure ) . These problems are also either currently a challenge in other metal–sulfur systems or are expected to emerge very soon . This is because both lithium– and other metal–sulfur cells have insulating sulfur as the cathode material, generate high charge‐storage capacity by a complex conversion reaction, and have a sensitive battery chemistry toward any one of the above‐mentioned extrinsic problems …”

Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Naturally abundant materials, such as sulfur for the cathode, can be applied as electrodes. Different metallic anodes have shown great potential in coupling with sulfur cathode to generate a high energy density, including lithium metal as well as other alkali and high‐valent metals …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the use of lithium‐metal anode may soon be a problem due to the limited availability of lithium sources and the expected increase in price . Based on the development and progress achieved with lithium–sulfur batteries, researchers have explored a broad range of conversion‐type battery electrochemistries coupling the high‐capacity sulfur cathode with other metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum . Various room‐temperature metal–sulfur batteries have attracted extensive interest because of their advantages, which are very similar to lithium–sulfur batteries, including high theoretical capacity, high elemental abundance, and low cost .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we explore the current research progress in lithium–sulfur cells in terms of addressing intrinsic materials problems (e.g., the insulating nature of sulfur, irreversible relocation of polysulfides, degradation of the electrodes, and consumption of the electrolyte/electrodes) and the extrinsic cell‐assembly issues (e.g., the amount of sulfur, electrolyte volume, cell‐testing conditions, and concerns of cost and safety) . Then, the development and research trends in other metal–sulfur systems, including sodium–sulfur, potassium–sulfur, magnesium–sulfur, calcium–sulfur, and aluminum–sulfur cells, are discussed . From recent publications on lithium–sulfur technology to other metal–sulfur systems, here, we collect and summarize detailed electrochemical characteristics, cell‐assembly parameters, cell‐testing conditions, and materials designs ( Tables 1 and 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

497

415

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that makes use of intercalation materials as the electrodes (Figure 1), applications involving electric vehicles and smart grids may require rechargeable batteries with new battery chemistries that can generate even higher energy densities for longer driving ranges and higher energy-storage capabilities. [6][7][8] Additionally, the lithiated transition-metal oxides used in commercial lithium-ion battery cathodes tend to be expensive, scarce, or toxic to the environment. Thus, it is desirable to explore new electrode materials that are naturally abundant (and therefore less expensive) as well as environmentally compatible in order to successfully enter the future battery markets. [6,[8][9][10][11] This driving force has promoted the development of batteries with conversionreaction electrodes, in which reversible electrochemical reactions take place and new chemical compounds form during the cycling of the battery. Naturally abundant materials, such as sulfur for the cathode, can be applied as electrodes. Different metallic anodes have shown great potential in coupling with sulfur cathode to generate a high energy density, including lithium metal [3,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17]31] as well as other alkali [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]31] and high-valent metals. [18,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] As a next-generation energy-storage technology beyond lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries are the most promising low-cost, high-capacity energy-storage device available due to their high charge-storage capacity, low cost, and the wide availability of sulfur. [32][33][34][35] The electrochemical reactions of lithium-sulfur batteries involve reversible conversions between sulfur (S 8 ), lithium polysulfides (Li 2 S x , x = 4-8), and lithium sulfides (Li 2 S 2 and Li 2 S). [33][34][35][36] The conversions between sulfur and lithium polysulfides and lithium sulfides involve phase changes between liquid-state polysulfides and solid-state sulfur and sulfides. [35][36][37][38][39][40] Thus, the conversion reaction of lithium-sulfur battery chemistry has no restriction in maintaining the initial crystal chemistry of the electrode during electrochemical cycling. [39][40][41][42] Therefore, a full twoelectron redox reaction per sulfur atom can occur in a manner that is both reversible and stable, increasing the chargestorage capacity drastically as compared to the currently used insertion-reaction oxide cathodes. [7,[39][40][41][42] As a result, sulfur cathodes possess a high theoretical charge-storage capacity of 1672 mA h g −1 , which is the highest value among solid-state Lithium-sulfur batteries are a major focus of academic and industrial energystorage research due to their high theoretical energy density and the use of low-cost materials. The high energy density results from the conversion mechanism that lithium-sulfur cells utilize. The sulfur cathode, being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, makes lithium-sulfur batteries a potential next-generation energy-storage technology. The current state of the rese...

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Section: Lithium–sulfur Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Chung¹,

Manthiram²

2019

Advanced Materials

497

415

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“…Similar to Li–S batteries, Mg–S batteries are also subject to the formation of polysulfides of different orders . In the research to find suitable electrolytes for the Mg–S batteries, new electrode materials and battery configurations for Mg–S batteries have been explored, with the aim of preventing the loss of soluble polysulfide intermediates.…”

Section: Sulfur Batteries With K Mg Ca and Al Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlithium Metal–Sulfur Batteries: Steps Toward a Leap

et al. 2018

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progress in battery technology has been primarily driven by the specific demands of various applications. In the current era, a higher gravimetric/volumetric energy density is still an ever-growing requirement to power mobile electronics and extend the driving range of electric vehicles (EVs) with increased energy consumption. Meanwhile, the exploration and utilization of the various forms of renewable energy, such as wind, tidal, and solar energy, which are normally harvested as electricity but fluctuate greatly over time, require them to be stored, regulated, and then delivered for practical application. [1,2] As a result, these two issues impose high urgency and great necessity on the development of suitable battery systems to meet these demands, in particular, energy density, safety, and cost effectiveness. [3][4][5] At this stage, the most successfully commercialized secondary batteries are the LIBs, which have been widely applied in a variety of devices, including mobile phones, power tools, and electric vehicles. In an LIB, electricity is stored and released based on the reversible insertion-extraction of Li ions in the electrode materials. [6] The second-generation LIBs, which are based on layered LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (NMC) or LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) cathode materials and graphite anode materials, normally have practical gravimetric/volumetric energy densities as high as 180-220 Wh kg −1 and have been applied in the latest electric vehicles (e.g., the Tesla Model S car) (Figure 1). Present mobile devices, transportation tools, and renewable energy technologies are more dependent on newly developed battery chemistries than ever before. Intrinsic properties, such as safety, high energy density, and cheapness, are the main objectives of rechargeable batteries that have driven their overall technological progress over the past several decades. Unfortunately, it is extremely hard to achieve all these merits simultaneously at present. Alternatively, exploration of the most suitable batteries to meet the specific requirements of an individual application tends to be a more reasonable and easier choice now and in the near future. Based on this concept, here, a range of promising alternatives to lithium-sulfur batteries that are constructed with non-Li metal anodes (e.g., Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Al) and sulfur cathodes are discussed. The systems governed by these new chemistries offer high versatility in meeting the specific requirements of various applications, which is directly linked with the broad choice in battery chemistries, materials, and systems. Herein, the operating principles, materials, and remaining issues for each targeted battery characteristics are comprehensively reviewed. By doing so, it is hoped that their design strategies are illustrated and light is shed on the future exploration of new metal-sulfur batteries and advanced materials. Metal-Sulfur BatteriesThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.

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Multivalent Charge Carriers

Bitenc

Ponrouch

Dominko

et al. 2020

Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry

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Rechargeable battery technologies based on metal anodes coupled to the use of multivalent charge carrier ions hold promise of breakthroughs in energy density leapfrogging current state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion battery technology. Cost and sustainability benefits are both a priori expected from the highly abundant metals employed. Yet, the large know‐how from the Li‐ion battery research field is not directly transferable – both the use of metal anodes and the migration of multivalent ions, within both electrolyte and electrodes, are technological bottlenecks to overcome. The concepts exhibit very different degrees of maturity; for magnesium, proof of concept was achieved in the year 2000 using low potential cathodes and a complex corrosive electrolyte with a narrow electrochemical stability window. Further progress since then has been slow, but the development of non‐nucleophilic electrolytes has paved the way for sulfur and organic polymer cathodes. For calcium, reversible plating and stripping of Ca 2+ was achieved only recently and now the development targets suitable cathodes enabling full cell proof of concept. Finally, for aluminum batteries, the main track has been somewhat different concepts based on intercalated anions, often in special carbons, from corrosive and chloride‐based electrolytes, but currently other electrolytes as well as true Al metal anodes are in foci. Overall, many and diverse obstacles remains, but the understanding and progress is indeed catching up rapidly. Given the promises and urgent need for next‐generation batteries, a successful multivalent battery technology would be timely.

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Mechanistic Study of Magnesium–Sulfur Batteries

Cited by 109 publications

References 31 publications

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Current Status and Future Prospects of Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Nonlithium Metal–Sulfur Batteries: Steps Toward a Leap

Multivalent Charge Carriers

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