Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest

23 Years of Reformation, Freedom is Still a Utopia

“…In a country that uses a democratic system, the press becomes one of the fourth pillars in a democracy that serves to provide information or events that occur at home and abroad, oversee the running of bureaucracy, and social control. Quoted from the book about communication by McQuail (1992) explained that the term fourth pillar of democracy was first coined by Edmund Burke in the late 18th century. The term refers to the political power that the press has on par with the other three pillars of life in England: god, the church, and the House of Commons.…”

Dissecting news diversity: An integrated conceptual framework

“…Content diversity. Arguably the most straightforward category of news diversity is the study of produced news (media content), which has been echoed in unique or similar wordings by scholars previously (Entman and Wildman, 1992;Kim and Kwak, 2017;McQuail, 1992;Napoli, 1999;Sjøvaag, 2016;Van Cuilenburg, 1999). News can be studied quantitatively (e.g.…”

“…Consumption diversity. Driven by existing types of diversity such as exposure (Napoli, 1999), reception (Sjøvaag, 2016) and as received (McQuail, 1992), consumption diversity looks at the degrees of diversity as consumed and as considered by media users in a given market. Research can focus on what news content is consumed how and when, keeping in touch with changing habits and ways of consuming news across various platforms (print, radio, TV, but also social media, email (newsletters), and podcasts).…”

“…Diversity in news reporting has been an important topic for media scholars for several decades, as it has been linked to issues of media market concentration (Beckers et al, 2019; Iosifides, 1999; McQuail, 1992; McQuail and Van Cuilenburg, 1983; Napoli, 1999; Van Cuilenburg, 1999; Voakes et al, 1996). It remains a very relevant topic for academic research as the shift to the digital era of producing, disseminating and consuming news on one hand and the dramatic changes in media ownership with markets increasingly growing more concentrated on the other is allegedly threatening news diversity.…”

“…On the other hand, the ‘European school’ tends to discuss the term in terms of a variety of information sources available (Eskens et al, 2017; Valcke, 2011), often denoted as source or supplier diversity (McQuail, 1992). As such, it more overtly focuses on media companies and individual news brands and their offering with less attention for the consumers’ perspective, such as in the typologies of Sjøvaag (2016) and Van Cuilenburg (1999).…”