Melanogenesis inhibition activity of floralginsenoside A from Panax ginseng berry

Abstract

BackgroundPanax ginseng is a traditional herb used for medicinal purposes in eastern Asia. P. ginseng contains various ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, floralginsenoside A (FGA), ginsenoside Rd (GRD), and ginsenoside Re (GRE) were purified from P. ginseng berry.MethodsChemical structures of FGA, GRD, and GRE were determined based on spectroscopic methods, including fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy, ID-nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy. Inhibitory activities of these compounds on melanogenesis were studied by measuring the expression of protein and melanin content in the melan-a cell line. This inhibitory activity was confirmed by observing pigmentation and tyrosinase activities of zebrafish.ResultsGRD, GRE, and FGA were not cytotoxic at concentrations less than 20μM, 80μM, and 160μM in melan-a cells, respectively. GRD, GRE, and FGA inhibited melanin biosynthesis in melan-a cells by 15.2%, 22.9%, and 23.9% at 20μM, 80μM, and 160μM, respectively. FGA was observed to display the most potent inhibitory effect. In addition, FGA decreased microphthalmia-associated transcription factor protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, FGA induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation level in melan-a cells. In addition, melanin pigment content and tyrosinase activity in zebrafish treated with FGA at160μM were reduced.ConclusionFGA showed the most potent inhibition of melanogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This study suggests that FGA purified from P. ginseng may be an effective melanogenesis inhibitor.

Antimelanogenic Activity of Ocotillol‐Type Saponins from Panax vietnamensis

“…These compounds showed the minimum 10‐fold greater anti‐melanin deposition activities than arbutin. Reportedly, the melanogenesis inhibitory results of 6 , 8 , and 10 partially agreed to those of the previous studies, which concluded them as promising candidates for melanin inhibitors . The previous results demonstrated that 7 and 9 increased the melanin content in normal human melanocytes, while they showed the decrease of the activities against B16‐F10 mouse melanoma cells in this study .…”

“…Many potent melanogenic inhibitors have been isolated from Ginseng . Several known depigmenting agents such as kojic acid, arbutin, resveratrol, niacinamide, tretinoin, and vitamin C have been used as both drugs and cosmetic formulations for hyperpigmentation disorders …”

“…In contrast, current studies of Korean Ginseng (KG) have revealed that the KG could be an useful antimelanogenic cream . Furthermore, the antimelanogenic activity of protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT)‐type saponins in Panax species, especially in KG, had been well reported …”

On the Intricacies of Facial Hyperpigmentation and the Use of Herbal Ingredients as a Boon for Its Treatment: Cosmeceutical Significance, Current Challenges and Future Perspectives

“…Panax ginseng is a medicinal herb, which contains various ginsenoside with therapeutic effects. Lee et al [63] isolated floralginsenoside (FGA), ginsenoside Rd. (GRd), and ginsenoside Re (GRe) from Panax ginseng berry.…”

Oxidative Stress-Protective and Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Loliolide and Ethanol Extract from Fresh Water Green Algae, Prasiola japonica

“…After MC1R activation, a series of intracellular signaling pathway composed of adenylyl cylase, its product, cAMP, and protein kinase A (PKA) participate in the activation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein, and then microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are sequentially expressed by CREB. Finally, synthesized MITF controls the expression of various genes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 that are essential for melanin synthesis and secretion in melanocytes [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”