2017
DOI: 10.1007/s13555-017-0194-1
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Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review

Abstract: Melasma is a common acquired condition of symmetric hyperpigmentation, typically occurring on the face, with higher prevalence in females and darker skin types. Multiple etiologies, including light exposure, hormonal influences, and family history, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Overall prevalence ranges widely at 1–50%, since values are typically calculated within a specific ethnic population within a geographic region. Histologically, melasma can display increased epidermal and/or… Show more

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Cited by 252 publications
(266 citation statements)
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References 94 publications
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“…As a photoageing disorder, melasma is also characterized by solar elastosis . Other features such as damage to the basal membrane, an increase in blood vessels and in dermal mast cells and lymphohistiocytic infiltration have been described . The aetiology of melasma seems more complex than that of senile lentigo, another photoageing disorder, which can be attributed mainly to dysregulation of UVA‐induced fibroblasts .…”
Section: Hormones and Melasma In Vivomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a photoageing disorder, melasma is also characterized by solar elastosis . Other features such as damage to the basal membrane, an increase in blood vessels and in dermal mast cells and lymphohistiocytic infiltration have been described . The aetiology of melasma seems more complex than that of senile lentigo, another photoageing disorder, which can be attributed mainly to dysregulation of UVA‐induced fibroblasts .…”
Section: Hormones and Melasma In Vivomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, at-RA can benefit the skin elasticity and moisture and mitigate fine wrinkles by increasing the production of collagen and elastin [7,8]. Furthermore, at-RA is known to be beneficial for many auto-immune skin disease, skin cancer as well as being a chemotherapeutic drug for other types of cancer [9][10][11][12]. At-RA functions by entering the cell and the cell nucleus and activating the retinoic acid receptors (RAR and RXR), thus regulating the transcription of different sets of genes [13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Its diagnosis is made through clinical evaluation, which reveals areas of symmetrical hyperpigmentation, usually brown or grey on areas of the facial surface that have been or are exposed to the sun (forehead, nose, malar, and mandibular region). The aetiology of this disease is multifactorial, some of the causes are the increased synthesis of melanin, genetic factors, and ultraviolet radiation (Ogbechie‐Godec & Elbuluk, ).…”
Section: The Prp In Dermatologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some of the treatments for this disease include topical alternatives such the use of retinoids, hydroquinone, azelaic acid, arbutin, kojic acid, ascorbic acid, and corticosteroids, all of which can cause skin irritation as a side effect. Oral alternatives such tranexamic acid and glutathione are also used, which can lead to abdominal distension, disturbances of the menstrual cycle, headache, and even deep vein thrombosis (Ogbechie‐Godec & Elbuluk, ; Rodrigues & Pandya, ). Recent studies show that the use of therapies such as chemical peels, therapies based on laser technology, and microdermabrasion can be effective, but they can have side effects ranging from erythema to burns (Ogbechie‐Godec & Elbuluk, ).…”
Section: The Prp In Dermatologymentioning
confidence: 99%