Melatonin and Regulation of Immune Function: Impact on Numerous Diseases

Bondy, Stephen C.; Campbell, Arezoo

doi:10.2174/1874609813666200711153223

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 121 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…It is generally safe to use and is used to treat insomnia, jet lag and various sleep disorders, thrombocytopenia (chemo-induced), ‘winter blues’ and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and tardive dyskinesia [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Melatonin also has some immune-regulatory and anticancer effects, but these effects need further studies and validation [ 44 , 45 ]. Melatonin is also produced synthetically and is freely available as an OTC dietary supplement.…”

Section: Metabolism Of Trpmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins

Barik

2020

IJMS

133

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Tryptophan (Trp) holds a unique place in biology for a multitude of reasons. It is the largest of all twenty amino acids in the translational toolbox. Its side chain is indole, which is aromatic with a binuclear ring structure, whereas those of Phe, Tyr, and His are single-ring aromatics. In part due to these elaborate structural features, the biosynthetic pathway of Trp is the most complex and the most energy-consuming among all amino acids. Essential in the animal diet, Trp is also the least abundant amino acid in the cell, and one of the rarest in the proteome. In most eukaryotes, Trp is the only amino acid besides Met, which is coded for by a single codon, namely UGG. Due to the large and hydrophobic π-electron surface area, its aromatic side chain interacts with multiple other side chains in the protein, befitting its strategic locations in the protein structure. Finally, several Trp derivatives, namely tryptophylquinone, oxitriptan, serotonin, melatonin, and tryptophol, have specialized functions. Overall, Trp is a scarce and precious amino acid in the cell, such that nature uses it parsimoniously, for multiple but selective functions. Here, the various aspects of the uniqueness of Trp are presented in molecular terms.

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Section: Metabolism Of Trpmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins

Barik

2020

IJMS

133

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“…GO analysis clearly showed that the significantly enriched biological process mainly included the immune process in the mice treated with melatonin. Many studies have shown that melatonin has a positive effect on immunity [ 16 ]. In the IPA analysis of canonical pathways, we found that the most activated pathways affected by melatonin treatment prior to radiation included LPS/IL-1-mediated inhibition of RXR function and Toll-like receptor signaling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Melatonin Administration on Intestinal Injury Caused by Abdominal Irradiation from Mice

Wang

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Intestinal injury caused by ionizing radiation (IR) is a main clinical issue for patients with cancer receiving abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone that the pineal gland in the brain normally secretes. The study aimed to disclose the potential function of melatonin in intestinal injury induced by IR and its mechanism. Pretreatment with melatonin enhanced the 30-day survival rate of the irradiated mice and promoted the recovery of the intestinal epithelium and hematopoietic function following abdominal irradiation (ABI). Melatonin altered the gene profile of the small intestines from mice following ABI. The enriched biological process terms for melatonin treatment prior to radiation were mainly involved in the immune process. LPS/IL-1-mediated inhibition of RXR Function, TWEAK signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling were the most activated canonical pathways targeted by melatonin. An upstream analysis network showed that Tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24) was the most significantly inhibited and S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) activated. TRIM24 activated atherogenesis and cell viability in breast cancer cell lines and S100A9 inhibited the metabolism of amino acids. Melatonin has radioprotective effects on ABI-caused intestinal injury. The mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of melatonin were involved in activation of the immunity. It is necessary to conduct further experiments to explore the underlying mechanisms.

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“…Persistent low grade inflammation is thought to underlie most unresolved chronic disease states like diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular diseases. 2,3 A chronic inflammatory state is also associated with normal aging and may contribute several of the hallmarks of senescence. 4 The causal basis of both acute and chronic inflammation appears to be largely by way of identical pathways, involving the same transcription factors like IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) 5 and NF-kB, and kinases such as Akt.…”

Section: Impact Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melatonin is a natural product of widespread occurrence in plants and animals which acts on immune function, both by inhibiting acute non-selective inflammation and by enhancing a desired immune response. 2 Melatonin can effect upregulation of SIRT-1 which leads to inhibition of pro-inflammatory NF-kB. 65 It has been proposed as a potential adjuvant in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Melatoninmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attenuation of acute and chronic inflammation using compounds derived from plants

Bondy

Prasad³

2020

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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The appearance of excessive inflammatory activity is associated with onset of many disease states. Such non-productive responses are often the basis of the mortality consequent to incurring numerous disorders. The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the virus “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” is a striking reflection of the inadequacy of current medical science to adequately address this issue. The usefulness of a range of materials of botanical origin in the attenuation of both chronic and acute inflammatory responses to various disease stressors is described. The properties of preparations of plant-based origin often parallel those of synthesized pharmacologics, but differ from them in some key respects. These differences can lead to more traditional preparations having distinct therapeutic advantages but also a number of specific shortcomings. The strengths and weaknesses of these materials are objectively contrasted with that of a more orthodox pharmacological approach. Each of these emphases in style has specific advantages and they should not be considered as competitors, but rather as accomplices in combating adverse states involving derangement of immune function. Impact statement A large component of many disease states is the improper regulation of immune function. This commonly leads to the appearance of redundant inflammation which does not effectively address any underlying issue but actually impedes a successful response to disease-induced metabolic derangement. There is currently no means of successfully addressing this problem which is especially relevant in the ongoing viral pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. In view of this failure, new courses of action need to be contemplated. This review proposes reconsideration of the potential utility of natural compounds originating from plants in order to address this deficit. Such a new direction, in concert with more conventional strategies could help to alleviate this wide-ranging crisis.

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Melatonin and Regulation of Immune Function: Impact on Numerous Diseases

Cited by 19 publications

References 121 publications

The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins

The Uniqueness of Tryptophan in Biology: Properties, Metabolism, Interactions and Localization in Proteins

The Effects of Melatonin Administration on Intestinal Injury Caused by Abdominal Irradiation from Mice

Attenuation of acute and chronic inflammation using compounds derived from plants

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