Mesoporous phases based on SnO2 and TiO2

Ulagappan, N.; Rao, C. N. R.

doi:10.1039/cc9960001685

Cited by 140 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Early attempts to prepare a surfactant-free mesoporous SnO 2 electrode were not successful due to the collapse of the mesopore walls upon surfactant removal by solvent extraction or heat treatment. [ 35 ] Syntheses that preserved mesopores after surfactant removal require conditions in which a rigid framework based on Sn-O-Sn bonding is formed before surfactant removal. [ 36 ] This was fi rst demonstrated for syntheses involving either a neutral primary amine (tetradecylamine) or a cationic ammonium surfactant (C 16 TA + ) as templates.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Porous Electrodes For Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries – How to Prepare Them and What Makes Them Special

Qian

Stein

2012

Advanced Energy Materials

646

458

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Numerous benefits of porous electrode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been demonstrated, including examples of higher rate capabilities, better cycle lives, and sometimes greater gravimetric capacities at a given rate compared to nonporous bulk materials. These properties promise advantages of porous electrode materials for LIBs in electric and hybrid electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and stationary electrical energy storage. This review highlights methods of synthesizing porous electrode materials by templating and template‐free methods and discusses how the structural features of porous electrodes influence their electrochemical properties. A section on electrochemical properties of porous electrodes provides examples that illustrate the influence of pore and wall architecture and interconnectivity, surface area, particle morphology, and nanocomposite formation on the utilization of the electrode materials, specific capacities, rate capabilities, and structural stability during lithiation and delithiation processes. Recent applications of porous solids as components for three‐dimensionally interpenetrating battery architectures are also described.

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Section: Synthesis Of Porous Electrodes For Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries – How to Prepare Them and What Makes Them Special

Qian

Stein

2012

Advanced Energy Materials

646

458

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“…[5][6][7] Upon removal of the surfactant, however, the mesoporous structures were destroyed; in other words, the preparation of mesoporous SnO 2 without the support of a surfactant has not yet been achieved. For example, upon hydrolysis of SnCl 4 in the presence of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT, an anionic surfactant), Rao and Ulagappan 5 obtained a mesoporous SnO 2 -AOT material with an average pore size of 3.2 nm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of mesoporous tin oxide for electrochemical applications

Chen¹,

Liu²

1999

Chem. Commun.

134

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Mesoporous tin oxide stable up to 500 °C has been prepared for the first time using both cationic and neutral surfactants.Following the discovery of the MCM family of mesoporous silicates using the supramolecular templating approach, 1 mesoporous materials have attracted considerable attention because of their remarkably large surface areas and narrow pore size distributions, which make them ideal candidates for catalysts, molecular sieves, and as electrodes in solid-state ionic devices. A number of related synthetic strategies have been developed and a variety of materials, in terms of both composition and structure, have been prepared. [2][3][4] Tin oxide is a wide-energy-gap semiconductor and has been widely used as a catalyst for oxidation of organic compounds, and for applications such as solid-state gas sensors, rechargeable Li-batteries, and optical electronic devices. The success in many of these applications relies critically on the preparation of crystalline SnO 2 with uniform nanosize pore structure. Consequently, the synthesis of thermally stable mesoporous SnO 2 is of great importance.To date, several preparative approaches utilizing a supramolecular templating mechanism have been reported for the preparation of mesoporous tin oxide. [5][6][7] Upon removal of the surfactant, however, the mesoporous structures were destroyed; in other words, the preparation of mesoporous SnO 2 without the support of a surfactant has not yet been achieved. For example, upon hydrolysis of SnCl 4 in the presence of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT, an anionic surfactant), Rao and Ulagappan 5 obtained a mesoporous SnO 2 -AOT material with an average pore size of 3.2 nm. Attempts to remove the surfactant either by calcination at ca. 400 °C or by solvent extraction, however, resulted in collapse of the mesoporous structure. Similarly, upon hydrolysis of SnCl 4 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (another anionic surfactant), Qi et al. 6 obtained mesoporous tin oxide with an average pore size of 4.1 nm. Again, the mesostructure collapsed when the surfactant was removed at 400 °C. Starting with tin isopropoxide and tetradecylamine (a neutral surfactant), Pinnavaia and coworkers 7 obtained mesoporous tin oxide with an average pore size of 5.6 nm. The mesoporous structure was stable up to 350 °C, but was destroyed upon calcination at 400 °C and the surface area was greatly reduced.For electrochemical applications such as gas sensors, however, thermal stability of a mesoporous structure at high temperatures and without the support of a surfactant is critical for high catalytic reactivity, fast charge and mass transport, and long-term microstructural stability and durability. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop synthesis procedures for the preparation of mesoporous SnO 2 , stable at high temperatures ( > 400 °C), without the support of a surfactant. We have explored both neutral (S 0 I 0 ) and electrostatic (S + I 2 ) templating approaches to prepare mesoporous SnO 2 .In the neutral templating approach, †...

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“…Therefore, a careful control of synthesis conditions is critical. For instance, Ulagappan and Rao successfully prepared 2D hexagonal mesoporous TiO 2 using neutral amine surfactants and Ti(OPr) 4 as a titanium source [11]. Froba et al attempted to use three different bidentate ligands (1,3-propanediol, 1,5-pentanediol and 2,4-pentanedione) to modify the reactivity of titanium tetraisopropoxide and obtain ordered mesostructured TiO 2 [12].…”

Section: Mesoporous Titania Bulksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, similar approaches with various titanium sources or templating surfactants have also been presented for the synthesis of ordered mesostructured (template was preserved) or mesoporous (template was removed) TiO 2 with diverse morphologies [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in mesoporous titania materials: adjusting morphology for innovative applications

Vivero‐Escoto

Chiang

et al. 2012

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

184

111

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This review article summarizes recent developments in mesoporous titania materials, particularly in the fields of morphology control and applications. We first briefly introduce the history of mesoporous titania materials and then review several synthesis approaches. Currently, mesoporous titania nanoparticles (MTNs) have attracted much attention in various fields, such as medicine, catalysis, separation and optics. Compared with bulk mesoporous titania materials, which are above a micrometer in size, nanometer-sized MTNs have additional properties, such as fast mass transport, strong adhesion to substrates and good dispersion in solution. However, it has generally been known that the successful synthesis of MTNs is very difficult owing to the rapid hydrolysis of titanium-containing precursors and the crystallization of titania upon thermal treatment. Finally, we review four emerging fields including photocatalysis, photovoltaic devices, sensing and biomedical applications of mesoporous titania materials. Because of its high surface area, controlled porous structure, suitable morphology and semiconducting behavior, mesoporous titania is expected to be used in innovative applications.

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Mesoporous phases based on SnO2 and TiO2

Cited by 140 publications

References 6 publications

Porous Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries – How to Prepare Them and What Makes Them Special

Porous Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries – How to Prepare Them and What Makes Them Special

Preparation of mesoporous tin oxide for electrochemical applications

Recent progress in mesoporous titania materials: adjusting morphology for innovative applications

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