Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A and the Proform of Eosinophil Major Basic Protein: Expression in Human Reproductive and Nonreproductive Tissues1

Overgaard, Michael Toft; Oxvig, Claus; Christiansen, Michael; Lawrence, James B.; Conover, Cheryl A.; Gleich, Gerald J.; Sottrup‐Jensen, Lars; Haaning, Jesper

doi:10.1095/biolreprod61.4.1083

Cited by 106 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…2) with a molecular weight of 400 kDa. Each subunit is derived from prepro PAPP-A containing 1,627 residue proteins [9][10][11] which is processed into mature PAPP-A of 1,547 amino acid residues and 14 putative N-glycosylation sites [9,10]. It is secreted as an active protease, following intracellular cleavage of the C-terminal side of PAPP-A polypeptide [9].…”

Section: Chemistry Of Papp-amentioning

confidence: 99%

First Trimester Maternal Serum Screening Using Biochemical Markers PAPP-A and Free β-hCG for Down Syndrome, Patau Syndrome and Edward Syndrome

Shiefa¹,

Amargandhi²,

Bhupendra³

et al. 2012

Ind J Clin Biochem

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The first trimester screening programme offers a noninvasive option for the early detection of aneuploidy pregnancies. This screening is done by a combination of two biochemical markers i.e. serum free b-human chorionic gonadotrophin (free b-hCG) and pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), maternal age and fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness at 11 ? 0-13 ? 6 weeks of gestation. A beneficial consequence of screening is the early diagnosis or trisomies 21, 18 and 13. At 11 ? 0-13 ? 6 weeks, the relative prevalence of trisomies 18 and 13 to trisomy 21 are found to be one to three and one to seven, respectively. All three trisomies are associated with increased maternal age, increased fetal NT and decreased PAPP-A, but in trisomy 21 serum free b-hCG is increased whereas in trisomies 18 and 13 free b-hCG is decreased.Prenatal screening for trisomies based on the analysis of biochemical markers in maternal serum has become an established part of obstetric practice in many countries. Resent interest in prenatal screening for trisomies has focused on the first trimester. Of the biochemical markers that have been investigated, only maternal serum free b-human chorionic gonadotrophin (free b-hCG) and pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) has been shown to be of value. The goal of first trimester maternal serum screening programs is to identify women at increased risk of having a baby affected with Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, and Edward syndrome defects and those that will benefit from the testing.The association between advancing maternal age [1] and increased risk of trisomy 21 (Table 1) is well known, and pregnant women older than 35 years at delivery are routinely offered invasive prenatal diagnostic testing. The most commonly used test for genetic diagnosis is amniocentesis, but the rate of spontaneous fetal loss related to amniocentesis averages about one in every 200 [2] procedures. Because of this risk, serum analyte testing has become an important, noninvasive first step in detecting patients at risk for congenital abnormalities.Current studies done on first trimester maternal serum screening has shown that the double marker test helps to identify 90 % of women at risk for Down syndrome, 94 % of all major chromosomal defects such as Patau syndrome, Edward syndrome, triploidy and Turner syndrome, and 60 % of other chromosomal defects, such as deletions, partial trisomies, unbalanced translocations, and sex chromosome aneuploidies other than turners [3]. Some of the advantages of first-trimester biochemical screening over second trimester biochemical screening include providing clinicians and patients with the substantial advantage of an earlier diagnosis, higher detection rates for fetal Down syndrome i.e; 90 % [4] or even higher, compared to 80 % for the second trimester quadruple test [5,6] and 70 % for the older triple screening test [7], and detection of most major chromosome abnormalities other than trisomy 21. It also acts as a nonspecific marker for other birth defects inclu...

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Section: Chemistry Of Papp-amentioning

confidence: 99%

First Trimester Maternal Serum Screening Using Biochemical Markers PAPP-A and Free β-hCG for Down Syndrome, Patau Syndrome and Edward Syndrome

Shiefa¹,

Amargandhi²,

Bhupendra³

et al. 2012

Ind J Clin Biochem

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“…Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a placental protein found in the maternal blood from early pregnancy (140). It is a metalloproteinase involved in increasing the bioactivity of the IGF system.…”

Section: Pregnancy Loss: Wrong Place Wrong Timingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uterine disorders and pregnancy complications: insights from mouse models

Lim¹,

Wang²

2010

J. Clin. Invest.

114

104

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Much of our knowledge of human uterine physiology and pathology has been extrapolated from the study of diverse animal models, as there is no ideal system for studying human uterine biology in vitro. Although it remains debatable whether mouse models are the most suitable system for investigating human uterine function(s), gene-manipulated mice are considered by many the most useful tool for mechanistic analysis, and numerous studies have identified many similarities in female reproduction between the two species. This Review brings together information from studies using animal models, in particular mouse models, that shed light on normal and pathologic aspects of uterine biology and pregnancy complications.The uterus: a privileged place for new life Early in the history of medicine, the uterus was considered a root of women's mental health. Hippocrates conceived the term "hysteria" (from the Greek word for uterus, hystera) to explain a femalespecific mental condition originating from perturbation of the uterus (1). We now know that the uterus does not contribute to such psychologic problems, but it remains a compound source of many female-specific pathologic conditions.The uterus is part of the urogenital system, which begins to develop in the embryo soon after gastrulation (a process fundamental for formation of the three embryonic layers). It arises from structures known as the Müllerian ducts (MDs) - a pair of ducts that run down the lateral sides of the embryonic urogenital ridge and form the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and upper portion of the vagina - in a process that requires an intricate interplay of many genes (2). To perform its ultimate reproductive function, the uterus is equipped to undergo a finite number of cycles under the regulation of ovarian sex steroid hormones. During these recurring cycles, the endometrial cells lining the uterine cavity proliferate and then regress but are never depleted and do not proliferate out of the normal range (Figure 1) (3). If this tight regulation is somehow perturbed, conditions in the uterus adversely influence fertility, providing some of the many obstacles that reduce the rate of successful human term pregnancy to only 30% of eggs that contact sperm (4). Chromosomal aberrations are the main reason underlying the low rate of successful human term pregnancies, but other major pregnancy complications that reduce the rate of successful human term pregnancy include ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and preeclampsia (5-7).Ethical issues are a fundamental restriction to the study of human pregnancy, as it is virtually impossible to obtain proper human samples for cellular and molecular studies. Indeed, observations using medical devices and a small number and size of endometrial biopsies have been the primary sources from which information on the pathophysiology of the human endometrium has been gathered. Another restriction to studying human uterine biology is that there is no ideal cell culture system that truly suffices fo...

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“…PAPP-A is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, although at much lower concentrations than in the placenta (17 ). PAPP-A antigen is present in ovarian follicular fluid (18 ), the epidermis of healing human skin (19 ), and atherosclerotic plaques (20 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Proteolytically Active Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A with an Assay Based on Quenched Fluorescence

2007

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Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A and the Proform of Eosinophil Major Basic Protein: Expression in Human Reproductive and Nonreproductive Tissues1

Cited by 106 publications

References 37 publications

First Trimester Maternal Serum Screening Using Biochemical Markers PAPP-A and Free β-hCG for Down Syndrome, Patau Syndrome and Edward Syndrome

First Trimester Maternal Serum Screening Using Biochemical Markers PAPP-A and Free β-hCG for Down Syndrome, Patau Syndrome and Edward Syndrome

Uterine disorders and pregnancy complications: insights from mouse models

Quantification of Proteolytically Active Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A with an Assay Based on Quenched Fluorescence

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