Metabolically healthy obesity: facts and fantasies

Smith, Gordon I.; Mittendorfer, Bettina; Klein, Samuel

doi:10.1172/jci129186

Cited by 434 publications

(419 citation statements)

References 193 publications

(237 reference statements)

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“…First, none of our included articles adopted the latest definition of MHO. A new robust definition has been published in the last two months [33], but, to our knowledge, no article has used this definition. Second, studies that used body fat distribution and waist circumference were eligible for inclusion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality Risk in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Huang

Wang

Lin

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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We investigated the association among metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), cardiovascular disease (CVD)risk, and all-cause mortality in the Asian population. We searched databases from inception to 16 November, 2019 and pooled data using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the following comparison groups: MHNW (without overweight or underweight participants) and MHNO (non-obese, including overweight and underweight participants). Nineteen studies were included. The mean Newcastle–Ottawa Scale score was 7.8. Participants with MHO had a significantly higher CVD risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–1.63) and significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78–1.00) than the comparison group. Subgroup analyses revealed participants with MHO had a significantly higher CVD risk than MHNW participants (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.24–2.08; I2 = 73%), but there was no significant difference compared with MHNO participants (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.80–1.36; I2 = 68%). Participants with MHO had a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.78–0.88; I2 = 9%) than MHNO participants, but a borderline significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality than MHNW participants (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.99–1.72; I2 = 0%). The CVD risk and all-cause mortality of the MHO group changed depending on the control group. Thus, future studies should select control groups carefully.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality Risk in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Huang

Wang

Lin

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…In contrast to MUHO, some people accumulate fat mainly in subcutaneous depots, a condition that has been termed metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). MHO is not accompanied to any great extent by insulin resistance, adipose tissue and systemic inflammation, and other features of the metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia and hypertension (173)(174)(175)(176). Thus, the distribution of fat accumulation is a major determinant of metabolic complications associated with obesity, which can increase the risk of CVD.…”

Section: Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, MHO individuals have a lower risk for developing T2DM and cardiovascular disease (174). MHO is sometimes defined as having 2 or less features of the metabolic syndrome or based on homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) measures, but consensus on a precise definition does not exist (176). Thus, some individuals classified as having MHO rather fall somewhere between metabolically healthy and unhealthy.…”

Section: Metabolically Healthy Obesity (Mho)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Chait¹,

Hartigh²

2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

869

658

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Adipose tissue plays essential roles in maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis. To date several types of adipose tissue have been identified, namely white, brown, and beige, that reside in various specific anatomical locations throughout the body. The cellular composition, secretome, and location of these adipose depots define their function in health and metabolic disease. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, promoting a pro-inflammatory, hyperlipidemic and insulin resistant environment that contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Concurrently, similar features that result from adipose tissue dysfunction also promote cardiovascular disease (CVD) by mechanisms that can be augmented by T2DM. The mechanisms by which dysfunctional adipose tissue simultaneously promote T2DM and CVD, focusing on adipose tissue depot-specific adipokines, inflammatory profiles, and metabolism, will be the focus of this review. The impact that various T2DM and CVD treatment strategies have on adipose tissue function and body weight also will be discussed.

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“…Several studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet significantly reduces the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) [1][2][3][4], a cluster of clinical conditions that occur together and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes [5][6][7]. However, the exact role of food retail and distribution in the risk of developing MetS has not yet been fully determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

We are What We Eat: Impact of Food from Short Supply Chain on Metabolic Syndrome

Santulli

Pascale

Finelli

et al. 2019

JCM

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Food supply in the Mediterranean area has been recently modified by big retail distribution; for instance, industrial retail has favored shipments of groceries from regions that are intensive producers of mass food, generating a long supply chain (LSC) of food that opposes short supply chains (SSCs) that promote local food markets. However, the actual functional role of food retail and distribution in the determination of the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been studied hitherto. The main aim of this study was to test the effects of food chain length on the prevalence of MetS in a population accustomed to the Mediterranean diet. We conducted an observational study in Southern Italy on individuals adhering to the Mediterranean diet. We examined a total of 407 subjects (41% females) with an average age of 56 ± 14.5 years (as standard deviation) and found that being on the Mediterranean diet with a SSC significantly reduces the prevalence of MetS compared with the LSC (SSC: 19.65%, LSC: 31.46%; p: 0.007). Our data indicate for the first time that the length of food supply chain plays a key role in determining the risk of MetS in a population adhering to the Mediterranean diet.

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Metabolically healthy obesity: facts and fantasies

Cited by 434 publications

References 193 publications

The Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality Risk in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Association between Metabolically Healthy Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality Risk in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

We are What We Eat: Impact of Food from Short Supply Chain on Metabolic Syndrome

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