Metabolism profiles of icariin in rats using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and in vitro enzymatic study

A target‐group‐change couple with mass defect filtering strategy to identify the metabolites of “Dogel ebs” in rats plasma, urine and bile

“…Compound M18 with the retention times at 3.74 min, exhibited [M+H] + at m/z 437.1919, revealing that they were glucuronidated metabolites. The most abundant signal in secondary fragmentation map was at m/z 261.1596, which implied the neutral loss of 176 Da (C 6 H 8 O 6 ) from the parent ion, indicating the compound was readily associated with glucuronic acid . The MS/MS spectra presented fragment ions at m/z 261.1596([M+H‐C 6 H 8 O 6 ] + ), 243.1488 ([M+H‐C 6 H 8 O 6 ‐H 2 O] + ), 189.1021([M+H‐C 6 H 8 O 6 ‐C 4 H 8 O] + ), 164.1071 ([M+H‐C 6 H 8 O 6 ‐C 5 H 7 O] + ), and 122.0965 ([M+H‐C 6 H 8 O 6 ‐C 7 H 9 O 2 ] + ), which was the same as compound P11 .…”

“…Compound P29 exhibited the deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 353.1384, which was identified as xanthohumol by the authentic standard. Compound M25 and compound M26 were eluted at 34.38 min, 36.96 min, respectively, and the deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 339.1220, 14 Da less than that of compound P29 attesting that it was demethylation metabolite . The important fragment ions of compound M25 and compound M26 were 219.0649 ([M‐H‐C 8 H 8 O] − ), 339.1225([M‐H] − ), and 119.0484([M‐H‐C 12 H 12 O4] − ), which was same as compound P29 .…”

Rapid characterization of chemical constituents and metabolites of Qi‐Jing‐Sheng‐Bai granule by using UHPLC–Q‐TOF‐MS

“…M18 exhibited precursor ion at m/z 515.1917 [M+H] + corresponding to C 27 H 30 O 10 , MS E fragment ion showed at m/z 369.1338 due to glycoside loss of icariin . Thus, M18 was characterized as deglycosylation of icariin.…”

“…Chemical analysis is the basis to appreciate those multiple phytochemicals and metabolites of TCM TCM in China has beneficial effects in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory practice [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Applying E. brevicornum Maxim protects kidney, strengthens the bones, and benefits immunomodulation [16,17]. With ten herbal medicines described above, QJSB shows significant clinical effects on the treatment of leukopenia post radiotherapy or chemotherapy and improves the body immunity [18,19].…”

The potential of Epimedium koreanum Nakai for herb–drug interaction

“…Icariin occupies up to 6.5% of the dried weight of an ethanol extract, and it is used as the chemical marker for standardisation of the quality of Epimedium extracts (Chinese Pharmacopeia, 2015) . Icaritin is a hydrolytic product of icariin, and one of the metabolites of icariin . Exposure to icaritin resulted in inhibition on rat CYP1A2, 2C9 and 3A4 enzyme activities .…”