Metabolomics analysis of saliva from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

Abstract

SummaryThe recent development of salivary proteomics has led to the identification of potential biomarkers for diagnosing patients with primary Sj€ ogren's syndrome (pSS). Here we sought to identify differentially produced salivary metabolites from pSS patients and healthy controls (HCs) that might be used to characterize this disease. We obtained salivary samples from 12 female pSS patients (mean age 44.2 6 13.01) and 21 age-matched female HCs. The metabolite profiles of saliva were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total metabolite levels in each of the samples were calculated and compared across the study participants. A total of 88 metabolites were detected across the study samples, 41 of which were observed at reduced levels in the samples frompSS patients. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a loss in salivary metabolite diversity in the pSS patient samples compared to the HC samples. The reduced presence of glycine, tyrosine, uric acid and fucose, which may reflect salivary gland destruction due to chronic sialoadenitis, contributed to the loss of diversity. Comparative PCA of the pSS patients revealed the presence of two subpopulations based on their metabolite profiles, and these two subpopulations showed a significant difference in the prevalence of major salivary glanditis (P 5 0Á014). In this study, we found that the salivary metabolite profile of pSS patients was less diverse than that of HCs and that the metabolite profiles in pSS patients were affected by the presence of major salivary glanditis.

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“…A metabolomic analysis of saliva from patients with pSS carried out with a GC-MS platform was able to detect a total of 88 metabolites, 41 of which were observed at reduced levels in samples from pSS patients. The reduced presence of glycine, tyrosine, uric acid and fucose observed might reflect salivary gland destruction due to chronic sialoadenitis 40 . A top-down HPLC-ESIMS and MS/MS platform was able to detect a signature in whole saliva of patients with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome, another rare, often unrecognised, rheumatological disease with prominent inflammatory cutaneous and articular symptoms characterised by musculoskeletal manifestations (synovitis, hyperostosis, osteomyelitis) associated with dermatological conditions (severe acne and pustulosis).…”

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“…However, mRNA and DNA come under salivary transcriptomes and genomes, and their profiling through gene chip arrays, DNA hybridization, qPCR, and gel electrophoresis helps in the detection of OSCC, as conducted by Li et al [62], and in Sjogren's syndrome, hepatitis, HIV, etc. The metabolic investigation, on the other hand, requires and uses gas chromatography mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography [63] for the detection Diagnostics 2017, 7, 39 5 of 12 of diabetes, lung, pancreatic, breast cancers, and Sjogren's syndrome [64,65]. In the same way, the salivary microbiome and immnomics used different methods, as mentioned in the table for the detection of infectious diseases, HIV, hepatitis, malaria, dengue, Ebola virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes infection, and countless other diseases [66][67][68].…”