Metaheuristic Regression Equations for Split-Ring Resonator Using Time-Varying Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Abstract

This article presents a new technique for determining accurate values of resonant frequency and quality factor pertaining to the split-ring resonator. Different conducting shield materials have been used around a copper split-ring. The split-ring has been designed to operate at about 2.1 GHz. Various equations were worked out earlier to determine the values of resonant frequency and quality factor. However, these equations yielded different solutions. Therefore, simulations were used to obtain the values of the resonant frequency and quality factor of the split-ring resonator with different five-shield materials, using High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. In this work, a novel method has been introduced for obtaining values of resonant frequency which provides results with negligible error. An optimal technique, namely time-varying particle swarm optimization (TVPSO), was then performed to obtain two sets of equations for resonant frequency and quality factor. The two sets of equations, optimized using TVPSO, were compared for their effectiveness in matching the actual frequency and quality factor for each of the five materials. It was found that the TVPSO was significant in achieving the frequency and quality factor regression equation to accurately resemble the actual values portrayed by the low mean absolute error.

Optimal Parameter Estimation of Transmission Line Using Chaotic Initialized Time-Varying PSO Algorithm

“…Absolute Error = e 1 + e 2 (22) The per-unit values of line parameters R, L, and C are calculated by considering the equivalent circuit of the long transmission line as in [14] are given by Eqs. (25) and (26). The propagation constant per unit length is given as follows,…”

“…The proposed variant differs from the standard PSO SPSO in terms of swarm initialization and algorithm parameters. In SPSO the particles are initialized randomly following a normal distribution whereas in the used variant the particles are initialized using a one-dimensional chaotic map and in the SPSO the algorithm parameters (ω, c 1 , c 2 ) are assigned constant values throughout the iterations whereas in the proposed variant the parameters are made time-varying [24,25] to achieve good exploration and exploitation capabilities.…”

Analysis of an inverted square SRR via design of experiment (DoE) approach

“…Additionally, in case of not having a predetermined systematic methodology, generally all or part of experiments need to be repeated which results in wasting the sources and time inefficiently. In order to overcome the mentioned problems, the usage of DoE approaches has been getting important and essential in microwave studies [17][18][19].…”