Metal Halide Perovskites toward Electrically Pumped Lasers

Abstract

The rapid development of lasers since their launch has given a new lease to traditional optical technology and immensely boosted the development of natural science. Benefiting from the salient light absorption and light emission traits, perovskite lasers show incalculable prospects in applications of optical storage, optical interconnects, high-quality displays, on-chip photonic communications, etc. For perovskite lasers, device structure and working principle rather than just material property are also profound, especially for the realization and assessment of electrically pumped lasers, which is the prerequisite for the ultimate practical application of perovskite lasers. With this in mind, the key characteristic parameters of possible future electrically pumped lasers are discussed herein, and a systematic review of perovskite lasers is presented in a sequential order of development. To begin, the components of lasers are introduced in detail, with an emphasis on optical microcavities and diverse proposed working mechanisms, followed by introductions of representative advances in pulsed optically pumped perovskite lasers with various lasing modes, as well as state-of-the-art developments in lasing phenomenon under continuous-wave optical pumping. Finally, the challenges and fruitful progress toward electrically pumped perovskite lasers are discussed emphatically. It is hoped that this review will promote the realization of perovskite electrically pumped lasers and commercialization of perovskite lasers.

Preserving Bond Ionicity under Illumination to Achieve Photostable Halide Perovskites

“…Experimentally, the most difficult part is that we do not know any suitable A cation that would add the empty states at the CBM. This fact is related to the present quest for electrically pumped lasers, , since only optically pumped lasers with LHPs have been reported. , …”

Distributed Feedback Lasers by Thermal Nanoimprint of Perovskites Using Gelatin Gratings

“…However, this value is still limited by the resolution of the spectrometer so it gives an upper limit of the actual laser line width. Typical line widths for perovskite DFB lasers are in the range 0.2–2 nm, placing our result among the best reported so far …”

“…Typical line widths for perovskite DFB lasers are in the range 0.2−2 nm, placing our result among the best reported so far. 17 The polarization results of the laser and ASE emission are depicted in Figure 3d. The graphic shows the emission intensity as a function of the angle of a linear polarizer placed between DFB laser and detector.…”

“…So far, there have only been a few reports on CW amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and lasing in perovskites, mostly relying on second-order distributed feedback (DFB) resonators. − DFB lasers have the advantages of sustaining single-mode lasing with low thresholds and narrow line widths. In addition, the DFB resonator offers a mirror-free cavity that is compatible with inexpensive fabrication techniques and can be integrated in thin-film diode structures. ,− …”

“…These include often an expensive electron beam lithography (EBL) step and always a final etching step of a hard material usually realized by reactive ion etching (RIE) or ion beam etching (IBE). The etching is performed to pattern either a substrate, ,,− a stamp for imprint lithography, ,,, or a master grating to serve as a template. ,− Alternative methods include the etching of the perovskite layer itself − and a template-assisted crystallization with a soft stamp. ,− However, these methods typically result in lower film quality and additional fabrication challenges, such as the difficulty to control the crystallization process, the film thickness, and achieving an even contact between the template and film.…”