Metal location and thickness in a multilayered sheet by measuring Kα/Kβ, Lα/Lβ and Lα/Lγ X-ray ratios

Cesáreo, R.; Rizzutto, M. A.; Brunetti, Antonio; Rao, D.V. Sridhara

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.06.119

Cited by 51 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In XRF spectroscopy, different approaches are possible according to the type of X-Ray excitation used. Some authors use monochromatic or almost monochromatic X-Rays which facilitate peak extraction and the determination of the elemental composition of the sample, due to the background contribution being almost negligible in these cases [13][14][15]. However, a significant part of information can also be extracted from the spectrum background region such as it is the case, for example, when dealing with the contribution to the spectrum of protective layers (often applied by restorers to the surface of ancient metal objects) which is essentially stored in the background region.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Monte Carlo characterization of a unique nuragic artifact (Sardinia, Italy)

Brunetti

Depalmas

Gennaro

et al. 2016

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Monte Carlo characterization of a unique nuragic artifact (Sardinia, Italy)

Brunetti

Depalmas

Gennaro

et al. 2016

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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“…Most of the scientific works published about Sipan artefacts analyses [22] are dealing with wellpreserved object while the two fragments analysed in this work (metal foils about 1 mm thick reported in figure 3) are highly corroded and no polishing at all was possible. Due to deterioration of the original alloy, in fact, the artefacts analysed in this work were rather fragile and could not resist hard polishing aimed at cleaning off corrosion products.…”

Section: Getting Help From Other Techniques: Quantitative Edxrf Analymentioning

confidence: 99%

ED-XRF analysis for Cultural Heritage: is quantitative evaluation always essential?

Bonizzoni

2015

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) is a very suitable tool for examination of CulturalHeritage materials because of its simplicity, with no requirement for any sample preparation and the possibility of operating with portable instruments, and it can probably be considered the most useful non-destructive analytical technique for ancient valuable objects of archaeological, historical or artistic interest. As regards the possibility of getting quantitative analysis in archaeometric applications, the problems arising from the limited sensitivity in detecting low Z elements, the irregular shape or the non-homogeneous composition of the sample have generated a widespread opinion that only semi-quantitative analyses are possible in XRF applications to archaeometry. In fact, this is always true for non-homogeneous samples as, typically, painting layers. On the contrary, the problems deriving from limited sensitivity in detecting matrix light elements as well as from irregular surface under analysis can be solved in most cases. Notwithstanding, working on unique and not standardized objects requires to pay attention on details and to know how to choose correct parameters and calculation algorithms to obtain reliable results. Indeed opportunities to deal with these objects are very limited and results have implication in other fields, so that each information about materials and production technique is of great interest. Two typical materials of archaeological interest showing particular features are considered -namely high corroded metallic artefacts and ceramics -revealing that, even if in cultural heritage field detailed quantitative analysis is the goal, it is not always necessary as also qualitative information by XRF spectra increase the knowledge of artefact.

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“…Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (EDXRF) is a non-destructive analytical technique with wide applications in several research areas including the Cultural Heritage/Conservation Science one [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Performing quantitative EDXRF analyses on archaeological and Cultural Heritage metallic artifacts is, however, particularly challenging due to their complex multi-layered internal structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cases where the layered structure is not homogeneous, the separation between two or more adjacent layers is not well defined and/or when the layers are very thin, meaningful results on the bulk metal composition are even more difficult to obtain. In order to estimate layers thickness and composition in such multi-layered metal objects, a method based on estimating changes in the theoretical ratios of selected fluorescence line intensities due to the attenuation of the layers crossed by the radiation has been recently proposed [4,7,18,19]. However, this method strongly depends on the specific XRF setup used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in some of these studies, the metal objects were subjected to a pre-analysis cleaning treatment to remove any surface corrosion patina and/or of protective layer present, a practice not always feasible when dealing with precious and unique artistic and/or archaeological objects. The methodological approach proposed in the current study involving Monte Carlo simulation tests does not require any constraint on the setup or on the XRF excitation spectrum nor it requires pre-treatment by potentially damaging cleaning procedures [4,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Monte Carlo simulation study of Iron-Age Nuragic small bronzes (“Navicelle”) from Sardinia, Italy

Schiavon

Palmas

Bulla

et al. 2016

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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A spectrometric protocol combining Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry with Monte Carlo simulations of experimental spectra using the XRMC code package has been applied for the first time to characterize the elemental composition of a series of famous Iron Age small scale archaeological bronze replicas of ships (known as the "Navicelle") from the Nuragic civilization in Sardinia, Italy. The proposed protocol is a useful, nondestructive and fast analytical tool for Cultural Heritage sample. In Monte Carlo simulations, each sample was modeled as a multilayered object composed by two or three layers depending on the sample: when all present, the three layers are the original bronze substrate, the surface corrosion patina and an outermost protective layer (Paraloid) applied during past restorations. Monte Carlo simulations were able to account for the presence of the patina/corrosion layer as well as the presence of the Paraloid protective layer. It also accounted for the roughness effect commonly found at the surface of corroded metal archaeological artifacts. In this respect, the Monte Carlo simulation approach adopted here was, to the best of our knowledge, unique and enabled to determine the bronze alloy composition together with the thickness of the surface layers without the need for previously removing the surface patinas, a process potentially threatening preservation of precious archaeological/artistic artifacts for future generations.

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Metal location and thickness in a multilayered sheet by measuring Kα/Kβ, Lα/Lβ and Lα/Lγ X-ray ratios

Cited by 51 publications

References 5 publications

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Monte Carlo characterization of a unique nuragic artifact (Sardinia, Italy)

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Monte Carlo characterization of a unique nuragic artifact (Sardinia, Italy)

ED-XRF analysis for Cultural Heritage: is quantitative evaluation always essential?

An Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Monte Carlo simulation study of Iron-Age Nuragic small bronzes (“Navicelle”) from Sardinia, Italy

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