Metal–Organic Framework Loaded by Rhodamine B As a Novel Chemiluminescence System for the Paper-Based Analytical Devices and Its Application for Total Phenolic Content Determination in Food Samples

Abstract

Herein, a novel paper-based chemiluminescence (CL) device has been reported for the estimation of total phenolic content of food samples. The CL system implemented on the paper was based on a hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )−rhodamine b (RhoB)−cobalt metal organic framework (CoMOF) reaction. It was found that the reaction of H 2 O 2 with RhoB molecules, loaded into the nanopores of CoMOF (R@CoMOF), can produce an intensive CL emission. The experiments on the paper indicated that in the presence of CoMOF, the CL emission was greatly increased. In addition to this strong catalyzing effect, application of CoMOF on the paper improved the stability of the CL system for several days. As a useful analytical application for the obtained paper-based CL device (PCD), it was examined for the detection of phenolic antioxidants. It was observed that the addition of 5 μL of phenolic compounds (PC) on the paper containing the CL reagents can remarkably decrease the CL intensity. This effect was applied to design a simple analytical assay for PC. After the optimization process, the best sensitivity was obtained for gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid with detection limits of 0.98, 1.36, 1.48, 1.81, and 2.55 ng mL −1 , respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD%) were also less than 5%. This study is the first report on the practical application of PCD using a nanomaterial assisted CL reaction. It is simple, portable, and low-cost and consumes a very low amount of reagents and sample solution. The device was successfully applied in the investigation of total antioxidant capacity of molasses and honey samples.

Nanozyme‐based luminescence detection

“…Apart from luminol, rhodamine B (RhB) was recently used as a chemiluminescence substrate for peroxidase mimics (Figure 1c). [ 36 ] The CL spectrum of RhB is the same as that of its fluorescence. In addition, nanozymes have been shown to degrade RhB to a product that has a lower CL yield.…”

“…[ 3 ] Some MOFs, especially those containing Fe, Cu, and Co, were reported to have peroxidase‐like activities. [ 36,110–112 ] Similar to other peroxidase nanozymes, a Fenton‐like mechanism with ·OH generation can describe their activities. The Co‐based MOF was found to enhance the CL emission of RhB in the presence of H 2 O 2 , while phenolic antioxidants can significantly inhibit it.…”

“…The Co‐based MOF was found to enhance the CL emission of RhB in the presence of H 2 O 2 , while phenolic antioxidants can significantly inhibit it. [ 36 ] Based on this observation, a paper‐based CL device was prepared to detect gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid in molasses and honey samples with a detection limit of 0.98–2.55 ng/ml. Recently, Li and co‐workers found that a Co‐based MOF (ZIF‐67) exhibited a high catalytic activity for the oxidation of AR in the absence of H 2 O 2.…”

Paper-based Chemiluminescence Device with Co-Fe Nanocubes for Sensitive Detection of Caffeic Acid

“…Chemiluminescence (CL) [11][12][13] has the advantages of fast speed, simple instrumentation, wide linear range and high sensitivity. [14][15] Therefore, CL analysis has been widely used in diverse fields including biology, food analysis, 16 pharmacology 17 and clinical assays. 18 In recent years, CL has been used for the detection of PCs and the evaluation of antioxidant capacity.…”

“…Although these CL reactions were simple and these agents were easy to obtain, the sensitivity for antioxidants was still low. In 2019, Lawati's research group 16 reported that a new H2O2-B (RhoB)-CoMOF CL system for PCs detection on the paper-based device. With RhoB @CoMOF loaded on paper, PC can be sensitively detected in food samples.…”